multiplication before addition. 2. `(2 + 3) * 4` = `5 * 4` = **20** --- parentheses override precedence. 3. `10 - 6 / 2` = `10 - 3.0` = **7.0** --- division before subtraction; note the result is a float because `/` always returns float. 4. `2 ** 3 + 1` = `8 + 1` = **9** --- exponentiation before ad