Appendix C: Bibliography

This bibliography lists all academic sources cited or referenced throughout Fandom as a Social System. It is organized into four sections: Books; Journal Articles; Book Chapters and Edited Volume Contributions; and Online Sources and Primary Sources. Within each section, entries are alphabetical by author surname. For edited volumes, entries appear under the editor's name in the Books section; individual chapters from edited volumes appear in the Book Chapters section.

Citation format follows the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Where a work has been cited in multiple editions, the edition used in this textbook is indicated; earlier editions are noted where the textbook's discussion requires distinction.

I. Books

Andrejevic, Mark. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.

Bacon-Smith, Camille. Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

Baym, Nancy K. Personal Connections in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.

Baym, Nancy K. Playing to the Crowd: Musicians, Audiences, and the Intimate Work of Connection. New York: NYU Press, 2018.

Bennett, Lucy, and Paul Booth, eds. Seeing Fans: Representations of Fandom in Media and Popular Culture. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. Edited by Randal Johnson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Boyd, Danah. It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.

Brooker, Will. Using the Force: Creativity, Community and Star Wars Fans. New York: Continuum, 2002.

Busse, Kristina, and Karen Hellekson, eds. Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

Consalvo, Mia. Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007.

De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by Steven Rendall. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

De Kosnik, Abigail. Rogue Archives: Digital Cultural Memory and Media Fandom. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.

Duffett, Mark. Understanding Fandom: An Introduction to the Study of Media Fan Culture. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.

Fiske, John. Reading the Popular. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

Fiske, John. Understanding Popular Culture. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

Gee, James Paul. What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959.

Gray, Jonathan. Show Sold Separately: Promos, Spoilers, and Other Media Paratexts. New York: NYU Press, 2010.

Gray, Jonathan, Cornel Sandvoss, and C. Lee Harrington, eds. Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World. New York: NYU Press, 2007.

Gray, Jonathan, Cornel Sandvoss, and C. Lee Harrington, eds. Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World. 2nd ed. New York: NYU Press, 2017.

Hall, Stuart, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis, eds. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

Hellekson, Karen, and Kristina Busse, eds. The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

Hills, Matt. Fan Cultures. London: Routledge, 2002.

Hyde, Lewis. The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property. New York: Random House, 1983.

Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: NYU Press, 2006.

Jenkins, Henry. Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2006.

Jenkins, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2013.

Jenkins, Henry, Mizuko Ito, and danah boyd. Participatory Culture in a Networked Era: A Conversation on Youth, Learning, Commerce, and Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.

Jenkins, Henry, Ravi Purushotma, Margaret Weigel, Katie Clinton, and Alice J. Robison. Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.

Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Translated by John Bednarz Jr. and Dirk Baecker. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Mittell, Jason. Complex TV: The Poetics of Contemporary Television Storytelling. New York: NYU Press, 2015.

Morimoto, Lori Hitchcock. Transnational Fandom: The Cultural Practices of East Asian Pop Fandoms. Forthcoming.

Napoli, Philip M. Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.

Parsons, Talcott. The Social System. New York: Free Press, 1951.

Pande, Rukmini. Squee from the Margins: Fandom and Race. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2018.

Pearlman, Lauren. Democracy's Capital: Black Political Life in Washington, DC 1960–1970. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.

Ryan, Marie-Laure. Narrative as Virtual Reality II: Revisiting Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.

Sandvoss, Cornel. Fans: The Mirror of Consumption. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005.

Scott, Suzanne. Fake Geek Girls: Fandom, Gender, and the Convergence Culture Industry. New York: NYU Press, 2019.

Stanfill, Mel. Exploiting Fandom: How the Media Industry Seeks to Manipulate Fans. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2019.

Tajfel, Henri. Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner. The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by Stephen Worchel and William G. Austin. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.

Taylor, T.L. Play Between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.

Taylor, T.L. Raising the Stakes: E-Sports and the Professionalization of Computer Gaming. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012.

Thornton, Sarah. Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.

Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books, 2011.

Winge, Theresa. Costuming the Imagination: Origins of Anime and Manga Cosplay. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019.

Zuckerman, Ethan. Rewire: Digital Cosmopolitans in the Age of Connection. New York: W.W. Norton, 2013.

II. Journal Articles

Andrejevic, Mark. "Watching Television Without Pity: The Productivity of Online Fans." Television & New Media 9, no. 1 (2008): 24–46.

Bennett, Lucy. "Discourses of Order and Disorder in Fan Spaces: Marking the 'Good' Fan from the 'Bad' Fan." Journal of Fandom Studies 2, no. 1 (2014): 3–19.

Booth, Paul. "Fandom: The Next Generation." Transformative Works and Cultures 29 (2019).

Busse, Kristina. "Geek Hierarchies, Boundary Policing, and the Gendering of the Good Fan." Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 10, no. 1 (2013): 73–91.

Chin, Bertha. "Sherlockology and Galactica.tv: Fan Sites as Gifts or Exploited Labor?" Transformative Works and Cultures 15 (2014).

Click, Melissa A. "Rabid, Obsessed, and Frenzied: Understanding Twilight Fangirls and the Gendered Politics of Fandom." Flow TV 11 (2009).

Click, Melissa A., Hyunji Lee, and Holly Wilson Holladay. "Making Monsters: Lady Gaga, Fan Identification, and Social Media." Popular Music and Society 36, no. 3 (2013): 360–379.

Crawford, Garry. "The Career of the Sport Supporter: The Case of the Manchester Storm." Sociology 37, no. 2 (2003): 219–237.

Duffett, Mark. "Going Down to Mecca: A Functionalist Approach to the Cultural Practices of Elvis Fans." Popular Music and Society 32, no. 4 (2009): 483–500.

Hellekson, Karen. "A Fannish Field of Value: Online Fan Gift Culture." Cinema Journal 48, no. 4 (2009): 113–118.

Hills, Matt. "Fandom, Negotiation, and Participatory Culture." In A Companion to Media Fandom and Fan Studies, edited by Paul Booth. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2018.

Horton, Donald, and Richard Wohl. "Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance." Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (1956): 215–229.

Jenkins, Henry. "'Cultural Acupuncture': Fan Activism and the Harry Potter Alliance." Transformative Works and Cultures 10 (2012).

Jin, Dal Yong. "An Analysis of the Korean Wave as Transnational Popular Culture: North American Youth Engage Through Social Media as TV Becomes Obsolete." International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 404–422.

Kücklich, Julian. "Precarious Playbour: Modders and the Digital Games Industry." Fibreculture 5 (2005).

Larsen, Katherine, and Lynn Zubernis, eds. "Fandom at the Crossroads: Celebration, Shame, and Fan/Producer Relationships." Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 10, no. 1 (2013).

Lamerichs, Nicolle. "Stranger Than Fiction: Fan Identity in Cosplay." Transformative Works and Cultures 7 (2011).

Lange, Patricia G. "Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13, no. 1 (2007): 361–380.

Lee, Hye-Kyung. "Cultural Consumer and Copyright: A Study of Fanfiction in the United States and Korea." International Journal of Cultural Policy 22, no. 1 (2016): 31–48.

Lévy, Pierre. "Collective Intelligence for Educators: Toward a New Academic Practice." E-Learning and Digital Media 7, no. 4 (2010): 332–337.

Marwick, Alice E., and danah boyd. "I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately: Twitter Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience." New Media & Society 13, no. 1 (2011): 114–133.

McLaughlin, Lisa. "Citizenship, Consumption, and Electronic Communication: Fan Activism in the Information Age." International Journal of Communication 1 (2007): 1–21.

Morimoto, Lori, and Louisa Ellen Stein. "Tumblr and Fandom." Transformative Works and Cultures 27 (2018).

Nakamura, Lisa. "Queer Female of Color: The Highest Difficulty Setting There Is? Gaming Rhetoric as Gender Capital." Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology 1 (2012).

Navar-Gill, Annemarie. "From Fans to Collaborators: How the Internet Changed Fan-Creator Interactions in Television." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 24, no. 6 (2018): 657–670.

Pearson, Roberta. "Fandom in the Digital Era." Popular Communication 8, no. 1 (2010): 84–95.

Postigo, Hector. "Of Mods and Modders: Chasing Down the Value of Fan-Based Digital Game Modifications." Games and Culture 2, no. 4 (2007): 300–313.

Reagle, Joseph. "The Fantastic Antagonism of Criticism and Praise in Web Communities." First Monday 20, no. 1 (2015).

Sandvoss, Cornel. "The Death of the Reader? Literary Theory and the Study of Texts in Popular Culture." In Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, edited by Jonathan Gray, Cornel Sandvoss, and C. Lee Harrington, 19–32. New York: NYU Press, 2007.

Scott, Suzanne. "#Wheresrey? Toys, Spoilers, and the Gender Politics of Franchise Paratexts." Cultural Studies 33, no. 3 (2019): 3–28.

Stanfill, Mel. "The Interface as Discourse: The Production of Norms Through Web Design." New Media & Society 17, no. 7 (2015): 1059–1074.

Thomas, Bronwen. "What Is Fanfiction and Why Are People Saying Such Nice Things About It?" StoryWorlds: A Journal of Narrative Studies 3 (2011): 1–24.

Tushnet, Rebecca. "Legal Fictions: Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law." Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review 17, no. 3 (1997): 651–686.

Tushnet, Rebecca. "Payment in Credit: Copyright Law and Subcultural Creativity." Law and Contemporary Problems 70, no. 2 (2007): 135–174.

Wanzo, Rebecca. "African American Acafandom and Other Strangers: New Genealogies of Fan Studies." Transformative Works and Cultures 20 (2015).

Williams, Rebecca. "'Ontological Security, Authorship and Resurrection: Discussing the Death of the Author with Get Backers Fans.'" Transformative Works and Cultures 1 (2008).

Zubernis, Lynn, and Katherine Larsen. "Fan Studies: Researching an Emerging Field." Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 8, no. 1 (2011): 6–17.

III. Book Chapters and Edited Volume Contributions

Busse, Kristina. "Affect and the Individual Fan." In Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, 2nd ed., edited by Jonathan Gray, Cornel Sandvoss, and C. Lee Harrington, 103–117. New York: NYU Press, 2017.

Busse, Kristina, and Jonathan Gray. "Fan Cultures and Fan Communities." In A Companion to Television, edited by Janet Wasko and Eileen R. Meehan, 425–445. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Busse, Kristina, and Karen Hellekson. "Introduction: Work in Progress." In Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by Kristina Busse and Karen Hellekson, 1–30. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

Click, Melissa A. "Introduction." In Bieber, Fangirl: The Sociology of Fandom. Forthcoming.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color." Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–1299. [Journal article widely anthologized as a book chapter contribution; citation in Chicago article format.]

De Kosnik, Abigail. "Fandom as Free Labor." In Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory, edited by Trebor Scholz, 98–111. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Fiske, John. "The Cultural Economy of Fandom." In The Adoring Audience: Fan Culture and Popular Media, edited by Lisa A. Lewis, 30–49. London: Routledge, 1992.

Fugmann, Joel, and Paul Booth. "The Ethics of Fan Studies Research." In A Companion to Media Fandom and Fan Studies, edited by Paul Booth, 513–528. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2018.

Gray, Jonathan. "New Audiences, New Textualities: Anti-Fans and Non-Fans." In Media Audiences, edited by Virginia Nightingale, 279–296. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2003.

Hall, Stuart. "Encoding/Decoding." In Culture, Media, Language, edited by Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis, 128–138. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

Hellekson, Karen. "Making Use of: The Gift, Commerce, and Fans." In The Participatory Cultures Handbook, edited by Aaron Delwiche and Jennifer Jacobs Henderson, 148–157. New York: Routledge, 2012.

Hills, Matt. "Recognition in the Eyes of the Relevant Beholder: Representing 'Cult TV,' Generativity and the Future of Cultural Studies." Media International Australia 104, no. 1 (2002): 54–68.

Jenkins, Henry. "Interactive Audiences? The 'Collective Intelligence' of Media Fans." In The New Media Book, edited by Dan Harries, 157–170. London: British Film Institute, 2002.

Jenkins, Henry. "Star Trek Rerun, Reread, Rewritten: Fan Writing as Textual Poaching." In Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse, 31–47. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

Jenkins, Henry, and Suzanne Scott. "Textual Poachers, Twenty Years Later." In Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture, updated 20th anniversary ed., vii–l. New York: Routledge, 2012.

Kim, Youna. "The Korean Wave: Korean Media Go Global." In Hallyu: Influence of Korean Popular Culture in Asia and Beyond, edited by Do Kyun Kim and Min-Sun Kim, 73–87. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 2011.

Lamerichs, Nicolle. "The Cultural Dynamic of Doujinshi and Cosplay: Local Anime Fandom in Japan, USA and Europe." Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies 10, no. 1 (2013): 154–176.

Lessig, Lawrence. "Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity." Excerpt reprinted in The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse, 288–299. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014.

Lothian, Alexis, Kristina Busse, and Robin Anne Reid. "'Yearning Void and Infinite Potential': Online Slash Fandom as Queer Female Space." English Language Notes 45, no. 2 (2007): 103–112.

MacDonald, Andrea. "Uncertain Utopia: Science Fiction Media Fandom & Computer Mediated Communication." In Theorizing Fandom: Fans, Subculture and Identity, edited by Cheryl Harris and Alison Alexander, 131–152. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1998.

Penley, Constance. "Brownian Motion: Women, Tactics, and Technology." In Technoculture, edited by Constance Penley and Andrew Ross, 135–162. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.

Pande, Rukmini. "Who Do You Mean by 'Fan'? Decolonizing Fan Studies." In A Companion to Media Fandom and Fan Studies, edited by Paul Booth, 319–332. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2018.

Scott, Suzanne. "Affirmational vs. Transformational Fandom." Presented at the Futures of Entertainment Conference, MIT, Cambridge, MA, November 2009. [Published online; see Online Sources section.]

Stein, Louisa Ellen. "Gossip Girl (and Boy): Seriality, Speculation, and Fandom." In How to Watch Television, edited by Ethan Thompson and Jason Mittell, 239–248. New York: NYU Press, 2013.

Wanzo, Rebecca. "Precarious-Girl Comics: Jem, Representation, and Commodification." In The Blacker the Ink: Constructions of Black Identity in Comics and Sequential Art, edited by Frances Gateward and John Jennings, 230–251. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2015.

IV. Online Sources and Primary Sources

Archive of Our Own. "AO3 Census 2013." Organization for Transformative Works. Accessed 2024. https://archiveofourown.org/works/617Xxx.

Archive of Our Own. "AO3 Tag Use Statistics." Organization for Transformative Works. Updated annually. https://archiveofourown.org/stats.

Coppa, Francesca. "A Brief History of Media Fandom." In Fan Fiction Studies Reader, edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse, 41–59. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014. [Available in prepublication form at Transformative Works and Cultures.]

Coppa, Francesca, and Julie Levin Russo. "Fan/Remix Video (A Remix)." Transformative Works and Cultures 9 (2012). https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/371.

Fanlore Wiki. Organization for Transformative Works. Accessed 2024–2025. https://fanlore.org.

Jenkins, Henry. "Confessions of an Aca-Fan." Blog. http://henryjenkins.org.

Livejournal. [Fan community archives accessed through Wayback Machine; specific fandom community names withheld per IRB protocols.]

Media Fandom Oral History Project. University of Iowa. Accessed 2024. https://mfohp.lib.uiowa.edu.

One In An ARMY. Charity Campaign Records. Accessed 2024. https://oneinaarmy.com.

Organization for Transformative Works. "OTW Survey 2020." Accessed 2024. https://www.transformativeworks.org.

Organization for Transformative Works. "Terms of Service." Archive of Our Own. Accessed 2025. https://archiveofourown.org/tos.

Reddit Inc. "Content Policy." Accessed 2025. https://www.redditinc.com/policies/content-policy.

Scott, Suzanne. "Affirmational vs. Transformational Fandom." Futures of Entertainment Conference. 2009. Accessed via http://www.convergenceculture.org/weblog/2009/11/transmedia_storytelling_and_en.php.

Supernatural Wiki. Fandom.com. Accessed 2024–2025. https://supernatural.fandom.com.

Transformative Works and Cultures (journal). Organization for Transformative Works. https://journal.transformativeworks.org. [Multiple issues cited throughout; see individual chapter notes for specific article citations.]

Tumblr Community Guidelines. Automattic/Tumblr Inc. Accessed 2025. https://www.tumblr.com/policy/community.

Twitter / X. "Rules and Policies." X Corp. Accessed 2025. https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies.

United States Copyright Office. "Fair Use." Accessed 2025. https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use.

United States Copyright Office. "More Information on Fair Use." Circular 21. Washington, DC: US Copyright Office. Accessed 2025. https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html.

Weverse. Fan community platform. Hybe Corporation. https://weverse.io.

Legal Cases Cited

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994).

DC Comics v. Towle, 802 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2015).

Salinger v. Colting, 641 F. Supp. 2d 250 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), vacated and remanded, 607 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2010).

Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books, 575 F. Supp. 2d 513 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).

Key Legislation Cited

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (1998).

Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101–1511 (2018).

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (UK), c. 48.

Note: Fan-created texts cited in the text (specific fan fiction works, fan art, social media posts) are cited in full in the chapter endnotes using the anonymization and citation conventions described in Appendix D, Section D.8. They are not reproduced here to protect the pseudonymity of fan creators who have not explicitly consented to academic citation.