Index

References are given as chapter numbers (e.g., Ch. 7), with relevant section notes where helpful. Appendix references use the format (App. A) through (App. E). Page numbers in the print edition correspond to chapter sections. Researchers are indexed under their last names; studies under the first author's last name.

A

Academic learning, domain-specific strategies: Ch. 23 — case study (Amara's complete study system): Ch. 23 — case study (Marcus, from failing to honors): Ch. 23 Active recall: see Retrieval practice ADHD, learning strategies for: App. E (Q. 8) Adult neurogenesis: see Neurogenesis Age and learning: Ch. 35 — case study (60-year-old learns to code): Ch. 35 — case study (guitarist at 72): Ch. 35 AI (artificial intelligence) and learning: Ch. 28 — AI as Socratic tutor: Ch. 28 — case study (ChatGPT as tutor): Ch. 28 — case study (AI assistance backfired): Ch. 28 Amara (anchor reader): — Ch. 1 (highlighter moment), Ch. 7 (blank page method), Ch. 13 (note-taking makeover), Ch. 22 (identity shift), Ch. 23 (complete study system), Ch. 29 (full weekly system), Ch. 31 (teaches roommate), Ch. 33 (becomes tutor), Ch. 37 (manifesto) Anki: App. B; Ch. 8; App. E (Q. 2, Q. 11) Anxiety, test: App. E (Q. 17) Attention: Ch. 15 Attentional residue: Ch. 15; Glossary Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968): Ch. 2; App. D Automaticity: Ch. 17; Glossary — transition to: Ch. 17

B

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974): Ch. 2; App. D Bandura, A. (1977, 1986): Ch. 22; App. D Bjork, R. A. (1994): Ch. 2, Ch. 5, Ch. 12; App. D Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2011): Ch. 5, Ch. 12; App. D Blank-page recall: Ch. 7; App. E (Q. 16) Blocked practice: Ch. 9; Glossary — contrast with interleaving: Ch. 9; App. D (Kornell & Bjork, 2007) Body-brain connection: Ch. 16 Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A.: Bibliography

C

Calibration: Ch. 6, Ch. 32; Glossary; App. C (Section 7) — metacognitive accuracy: Ch. 6, Ch. 32 — case study (calibration experiment): Ch. 32 Caffeine: App. E (Q. 3) Certification preparation, professional: App. E (Q. 7) Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973): Ch. 21; App. D Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M. et al. (1989): Ch. 10; App. D Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981): Ch. 21; App. D Children, helping with school: App. E (Q. 18) Chunking: Ch. 21; Glossary — chess expertise and: Ch. 21; App. D (Chase & Simon, 1973) — expert chunking: Ch. 21 Coding, learning to: Ch. 26 — case study (David escapes tutorial hell): Ch. 26 — case study (Hello World to employed): Ch. 26 Cognitive load: Ch. 2, Ch. 11, Ch. 14; Glossary — intrinsic, extraneous, germane: Ch. 2; Glossary Cold Turkey (software): App. B Comprehensible input: Ch. 25; Glossary; App. B — Krashen, S. D.: Ch. 25; Bibliography Conscious competence/incompetence: Ch. 17; Glossary Consolidation: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; Glossary — sleep and: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; App. D (Stickgold, 2005) Cornell notes: Ch. 13; App. B Cortisol: Ch. 16; Glossary Cramming: App. E (Q. 14); Ch. 1, Ch. 8 Creative skills: App. E (Q. 19); Ch. 24

D

David (anchor reader): — Ch. 10 (learns why neural networks work), Ch. 14 (reads first statistics textbook), Ch. 15 (deep work experiment), Ch. 17 (at the OK Plateau), Ch. 18 (designs ML practice), Ch. 20 (transfers coding to ML), Ch. 22 (motivation dip), Ch. 26 (escapes tutorial hell), Ch. 27 (finds a mentor), Ch. 30 (deep work environment), Ch. 37 (system one year later) Declarative memory: Ch. 2, Ch. 24; Glossary Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985, 2000): Ch. 22; App. D; Glossary (Self-determination theory) Deep work: Ch. 15; App. B; Glossary (Attentional residue) — case study (David's deep work experiment): Ch. 15 — case study (phone in the drawer): Ch. 15 Deliberate practice: Ch. 18; Glossary — contrast with naive practice: Ch. 17, Ch. 18 — contrast with purposeful practice: Ch. 18 — case study (chess player who stopped playing chess): Ch. 18 — case study (David designs ML practice): Ch. 18 Depth of processing: Ch. 10; Glossary — Craik & Lockhart (1972): Ch. 10; App. D Desirable difficulties: Ch. 12; Glossary — framework: Ch. 5, Ch. 12; App. D — interleaving as: Ch. 9, Ch. 12 — retrieval practice as: Ch. 7, Ch. 12 — spacing as: Ch. 8, Ch. 12 Digital environment: Ch. 30; App. B Discussion facilitation: Instructor Guide Distributed practice: see Spaced repetition Dual coding: Ch. 11; Glossary — case study (Marcus draws every muscle): Ch. 11 — case study (sketch-note experiment): Ch. 11 — Paivio, A. (1971): Ch. 11; App. D Duckworth, A.: Ch. 22; Glossary (Grit) Dweck, C. S. (1986, 2006): Ch. 22; App. D; Glossary (Growth mindset)

E

Ebbinghaus, H. (1885): Ch. 2, Ch. 8; App. D; Glossary (Forgetting curve) Elaboration: Ch. 10; Glossary — elaborative interrogation: Ch. 10; Glossary — self-explanation: Ch. 10; App. D (Chi et al., 1989) Encoding: Ch. 2; Glossary — encoding specificity: Ch. 2 — depth of processing and: Ch. 10 Environment, physical and digital: Ch. 30; App. B — case study (desk that changed grades): Ch. 30 — case study (David's deep work environment): Ch. 30 Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993): Ch. 18; App. D Evidence grades (Strong/Moderate/Preliminary/Contested): App. A; throughout Exam preparation: see Retrieval practice, Spaced repetition Exercise and learning: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; App. C (Section 4) Expert blind spot: Ch. 34; Glossary Expertise, stages of: Ch. 17 — novice, competent, proficient, expert: Ch. 17 Extrinsic motivation: Ch. 22; Glossary

F

Feedback: Ch. 19 — case study (piano teacher who changed feedback): Ch. 19 — case study (Keiko and the video camera): Ch. 19 — in deliberate practice: Ch. 18, Ch. 19 Feynman Technique: Ch. 33 — case study (Feynman technique in action): Ch. 33 Fixed mindset: see Growth mindset Fluency illusion: Ch. 1, Ch. 6, Ch. 7; Glossary Focus: Ch. 15; App. B Foer, J. (Moonwalking with Einstein): Ch. 17; Glossary (OK Plateau); Bibliography Forest (app): App. B Forgetting curve: Ch. 8; Glossary; App. D (Ebbinghaus, 1885) Freedom (software): App. B

G

Generation effect: Ch. 12; Glossary; App. D (Slamecka & Graf, 1978) Glossary: see full Glossary section Grades, academic — should high achievers change strategies?: App. E (Q. 10) Grit: Ch. 22; Glossary Growth mindset: Ch. 22; Glossary; App. D (Dweck) — nuance and caution: Ch. 22; App. A ([Evidence: Contested])

H

Habit formation: Ch. 22, Ch. 29; App. E (Q. 15) — Lally et al. (2010): Bibliography Handwriting vs. typing: Ch. 13; App. D (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014) Hippocampus: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; Glossary — and sleep: Ch. 3, Ch. 16 — and exercise: Ch. 3, Ch. 16

I

Identity and learning: Ch. 22 — case study (Amara's identity shift): Ch. 22 Illusion of knowing: Ch. 6; Glossary Instructor guide: see Instructor Guide section Intelligence, fluid: Ch. 2 Interleaving: Ch. 9; Glossary — case study (math class that scrambled homework): Ch. 9 — case study (Keiko rethinks swim practice): Ch. 9 — interleaving illusion: Ch. 9 — mathematics: Ch. 9; App. D (Rohrer & Taylor, 2007; Taylor & Rohrer, 2010) Intrinsic motivation: Ch. 22; Glossary

J

Johnson, see Amara (anchor reader)

K

Karpicke, J. D.: Ch. 7; App. D Karpicke, J. D., & Blunt, J. R. (2011): Ch. 7; App. D Keiko (anchor reader): — Ch. 6 (learns to watch herself), Ch. 9 (rethinks swim practice), Ch. 17 (maps swimming journey), Ch. 19 (video camera), Ch. 24 (redesigns practice), Ch. 35 (skiing after retirement) Knowledge organization, expert vs. novice: Ch. 21; App. D (Chi et al., 1981) Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2007): Ch. 9; App. D Krashen, S. D.: Ch. 25; App. B; Glossary (Comprehensible input)

L

Language learning: Ch. 25; App. B — case study (500 words in 60 days): Ch. 25 — case study (adult who became fluent in Japanese): Ch. 25 — comprehensible input: Ch. 25; App. B — spaced repetition for vocabulary: Ch. 25; App. B Language Transfer (resource): App. B Learning audit: App. C Learning styles (myth): Ch. 4; Glossary; App. E (Q. 5); App. A ([Evidence: Contested]) — case study (visual learner who couldn't learn anatomy): Ch. 4 Learning, lifetime: Ch. 35 Leitner box: App. B Long-term memory: Ch. 2; Glossary Long-term potentiation (LTP): Ch. 3; Glossary

M

Make It Stick (Brown, Roediger, McDaniel): Introduction; Bibliography Manifesto, personal learning: Ch. 37; Instructor Guide (Rubrics) — case study (Amara's manifesto): Ch. 37 — case study (David's system one year later): Ch. 37 Marcus (anchor reader): — Ch. 8 (builds Anki deck), Ch. 11 (draws every muscle), Ch. 16 (all-nighter experiment), Ch. 21 (builds anatomy mental model), Ch. 23 (failing to honors), Ch. 29 (pre-exam machine), Ch. 32 (weekly self-test protocol) Mental models: Ch. 21; Glossary — case study (chess expert who saw patterns): Ch. 21 — case study (Marcus builds anatomy mental model): Ch. 21 Metacognition: Ch. 6; Glossary; App. C (Section 7) — case study (confident student who failed): Ch. 6 — case study (Keiko learns to watch herself): Ch. 6 — monitoring vs. regulation: Ch. 6 Mnemonic: Glossary; Ch. 7 Morehead, Dunlosky, & Rawson (2019): Ch. 13; App. D Motivation: Ch. 22; Glossary — case study (Amara's identity shift): Ch. 22 — case study (David's motivation dip): Ch. 22 — self-determination theory: Ch. 22; Glossary; App. D Motor program: Ch. 24; Glossary Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014): Ch. 13; App. D Multitasking (myth): Ch. 4, Ch. 15 Myths about learning: Ch. 4 — learning styles: Ch. 4; App. A; App. E (Q. 5) — multitasking: Ch. 4, Ch. 15 — speed reading: Ch. 4

N

Naive practice: Ch. 17, Ch. 18; Glossary Neurogenesis: Ch. 3; Glossary Neuroplasticity: Ch. 3; Glossary Newport, C. (Deep Work): Ch. 15; Bibliography Note-taking: Ch. 13; App. B — case study (Amara's note-taking makeover): Ch. 13 — case study (lecturer who never reviewed): Ch. 13 — Cornell method: Ch. 13; App. B — handwriting vs. typing: Ch. 13; App. D — sketchnoting: Ch. 13; App. B

O

Obsidian (software): App. B OK Plateau: Ch. 17; Glossary — case study (David at the OK Plateau): Ch. 17

P

Paivio, A. (1971): Ch. 11; App. D Peak (Ericsson): Ch. 18; Bibliography Physical skills, learning: Ch. 24; App. E (Q. 13) — case study (Keiko redesigns practice): Ch. 24 — case study (guitarist who stopped improving): Ch. 24 Physical environment: Ch. 30; App. B Pomodoro technique: App. B; Ch. 15 Practice testing: see Retrieval practice Primacy and recency effects: Ch. 13; Glossary Proactive interference: Ch. 2; Glossary Procedural memory: Ch. 24; Glossary Professional skills: Ch. 27 — case study (manager who made every meeting a learning opportunity): Ch. 27 — case study (David finds a mentor): Ch. 27 Progressive Project: Introduction; Instructor Guide Protégé effect: Ch. 33; Glossary Purposeful practice: Ch. 18; Glossary

R

Readwise (software): App. B Recall: see Retrieval practice Replication crisis: App. A; Ch. 1 RemNote (software): App. B Research, how to read: App. A Retrieval practice: Ch. 7; Glossary; App. D — blank-page method: Ch. 7 — case study (Amara's blank page method): Ch. 7 — case study (law school flashcard revolution): Ch. 7 — and test anxiety: App. E (Q. 17) — for physical skills: App. E (Q. 13) — feeling of ineffectiveness: App. E (Q. 1) — Roediger & Karpicke (2006): Ch. 7; App. D Retrieval strength: Ch. 2, Ch. 8; Glossary; App. D (Bjork, 1994) Retroactive interference: Ch. 2; Glossary Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006): Ch. 7; App. D Rohrer, D., & Taylor, K. (2007): Ch. 9; App. D

S

Schema: Ch. 21; Glossary Self-determination theory: Ch. 22; Glossary; App. D Self-efficacy: Ch. 22; Glossary; App. D (Bandura) SelfControl (software): App. B Self-explanation: see Elaboration Self-regulated learning: Ch. 6, Ch. 29 Sensory memory: Ch. 2; Glossary Sketchnoting: see Note-taking Skills, physical: see Physical skills Sleep: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; App. C (Section 4); App. E (Q. 3) — consolidation: Ch. 3, Ch. 16; Glossary; App. D — case study (Marcus's all-nighter experiment): Ch. 16 — case study (Keiko and the morning run): Ch. 16 Slamecka, N. J., & Graf, P. (1978): Ch. 12; App. D Social learning: Ch. 31; App. C (Section 6) — case study (study group that actually studied): Ch. 31 — case study (Amara teaches her roommate): Ch. 31 Spacing effect: Ch. 8; Glossary; App. D — Cepeda et al. (2006): Ch. 8; App. D — Ebbinghaus (1885): Ch. 2, Ch. 8; App. D Spaced repetition: Ch. 8; Glossary; App. B — case study (Marcus builds Anki deck): Ch. 8 — case study (language learner's 500-word sprint): Ch. 8 — forgetting to review: App. E (Q. 11) Speed reading (myth): Ch. 4 Storage strength: Ch. 2, Ch. 8; Glossary; App. D (Bjork, 1994) Stress and learning: Ch. 16; App. C (Section 4) Study groups: Ch. 31 — case study (study group that actually studied): Ch. 31 Study habits audit: App. C Study system, designing: Ch. 29 — case study (Amara's full weekly system): Ch. 29 — case study (Marcus's pre-exam machine): Ch. 29 SuperMemo (software): App. B

T

Taylor, K., & Rohrer, D. (2010): Ch. 9; App. D Teaching others: Ch. 33 — case study (Feynman technique in action): Ch. 33 — case study (Amara becomes a tutor): Ch. 33 — protégé effect: Ch. 33; Glossary Testing effect: see Retrieval practice Time of day, best for studying: App. E (Q. 12) Transfer: Ch. 20; Glossary — case study (physics student who couldn't solve real problems): Ch. 20 — case study (David transfers coding to ML): Ch. 20 — near and far: Ch. 20; Glossary

U

Ultralearning (Young): Bibliography Understanding, genuine vs. fluency illusion: Ch. 6; Glossary (Fluency illusion, Illusion of knowing)

V

Variable practice: Ch. 24; Glossary Visualization: see Dual coding Vocabulary: see Language learning Vygotsky, L. S.: Ch. 34; Glossary (Zone of proximal development)

W

Walker, M. (Why We Sleep): Ch. 3, Ch. 16; Bibliography Working memory: Ch. 2; Glossary — capacity limits: Ch. 2, Ch. 14 — cognitive load and: Ch. 2; Glossary (Cognitive load)

Y

Young, S. (Ultralearning): Bibliography

Z

Zone of proximal development: Ch. 34; Glossary Zotero (software): App. B