Chapter 25 Quiz

From Novice to Expert: How Expertise Develops and What It Takes

Answer all questions without referring to the chapter. After completing the quiz, check your answers in Appendix I and use the results to identify which concepts need additional retrieval practice.

Multiple Choice

1. The Dreyfus model of skill acquisition was developed by: - a) K. Anders Ericsson and colleagues at Florida State University - b) Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus at UC Berkeley - c) Malcolm Gladwell, based on interviews with elite performers - d) Michelene Chi and Robert Glaser at the Learning Research and Development Center

2. In the Dreyfus model, the novice primarily relies on: - a) Intuitive pattern recognition from extensive experience - b) Context-free rules applied without experiential reference points - c) Holistic perception of situations combined with deliberate response - d) Planning and prioritization based on accumulated experience

3. The critical shift from competent to proficient in the Dreyfus model involves: - a) Learning more rules and applying them faster - b) Moving from analytical processing to recognition-based processing - c) Becoming more emotionally detached from outcomes - d) Increasing the speed of deliberate decision-making

4. In Ericsson's 1993 violin study, the best performers had accumulated approximately how many hours of practice by age 20? - a) 5,000 - b) 8,000 - c) 10,000 - d) 15,000

5. Which of the following is NOT something Gladwell got wrong about the 10,000-hour claim? - a) Treating 10,000 hours as a universal rule rather than a domain-specific average - b) Dropping the word "deliberate" from "deliberate practice" - c) Claiming that extensive practice is correlated with expertise - d) Understating the role of individual differences

6. According to Ericsson, elite performers typically sustain deliberate practice for: - a) 8-10 hours per day in continuous sessions - b) 3-5 hours per day, usually in sessions of 60-90 minutes - c) 1-2 hours per week during competition season only - d) 10-12 hours per day when approaching peak performance

7. The expert blind spot refers to: - a) Physical vision problems that develop in experts due to strain - b) The tendency of experts to underestimate task difficulty because their own processes are automatic - c) The inability of experts to learn new skills in adjacent domains - d) The deliberate decision by experts to withhold knowledge from beginners

8. In Chase and Simon's chess study, grandmasters outperformed beginners in memorizing board positions only when: - a) The grandmasters had more time to study the positions - b) The positions came from real games, not random arrangements - c) The grandmasters used deliberate memorization strategies - d) The positions were from openings rather than endgames

9. Knowledge restructuring in expertise development means that experts: - a) Forget the basic facts they learned as beginners - b) Organize the same information around different principles than novices do - c) Replace factual knowledge with purely intuitive responses - d) Store more individual facts than novices

10. Adaptive expertise, as defined by Hatano and Inagaki, is characterized by: - a) Maximum speed and efficiency on all tasks - b) Deep conceptual understanding that enables flexible response to novel situations - c) The ability to follow established procedures without deviation - d) Expertise that develops without any formal training

True or False

11. In the Dreyfus model, experts never deliberate — they always respond intuitively. - True / False

12. Deliberate practice requires full, focused attention and cannot be done on autopilot. - True / False

13. The Hambrick meta-analysis found that deliberate practice explained 100% of the variance in performance across all domains. - True / False

14. The expert blind spot is caused by three mechanisms: automaticity, chunking, and knowledge restructuring. - True / False

15. Routine expertise is always inferior to adaptive expertise regardless of the context. - True / False

Short Answer

16. Dr. Okafor's journey through the Dreyfus stages illustrates a key difference between how novices and experts approach diagnosis. In two to three sentences, describe what changed in his approach as he moved from novice to proficient. Use the terms "rules," "pattern recognition," and "holistic perception" in your answer.

17. Sofia Reyes was described as a technically competent cellist who "played every note the score asked for but didn't play the music." Using the Dreyfus model, explain what stage she was at, what the next stage required, and why her teacher couldn't give her a rule for making the leap.

18. A student argues: "I've spent 500 hours studying organic chemistry. That's halfway to being an expert. I just need to put in 500 more hours doing exactly what I've been doing." Using concepts from this chapter, evaluate this student's reasoning. Identify at least two errors in their thinking.

Answer Key Reference

Answers for multiple choice and true/false questions are in Appendix I. Short answer questions should be checked against the relevant chapter sections: Question 16 (Section 25.1, Dr. Okafor narrative), Question 17 (Section 25.5, Sofia's Leap), Question 18 (Sections 25.3 and 25.4, 10,000-hour myth and deliberate practice).

This quiz covers all six learning objectives across Bloom's levels from Remember through Evaluate. If you scored below 70%, review the chapter sections indicated in the answer key. If you scored above 90%, you're ready for Chapter 26.