Appendix I: Bibliography

Organization: This bibliography is organized first by source type (books, journal articles, reports and working papers, online resources and databases, software and packages), and within each section alphabetically by first author's last name. Where a work is cited in multiple chapters, it appears only once. Chapter-specific source lists appear in the Further Reading sections of individual chapters.

Books

Abramowitz, A. I. (2010). The disappearing center: Engaged citizens, polarization, and American democracy. Yale University Press.

Abramowitz, A. I. (2018). The great alignment: Race, party transformation, and the rise of Donald Trump. Yale University Press.

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper & Row.

Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.

Ansolabehere, S., & Hersh, E. (2012). Validation: What big data reveal about survey misreporting and the real electorate. Cambridge University Press.

Aristotle. (2009). Politics (B. Jowett, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work written c. 350 BCE)

Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing channels? Partisan news in an age of choice. University of Chicago Press.

Bartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal democracy: The political economy of the new gilded age. Princeton University Press.

Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.

Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F., & McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. University of Chicago Press.

Berinsky, A. J. (2009). In time of war: Understanding American public opinion from World War II to Iraq. University of Chicago Press.

Bishop, B. (2008). The big sort: Why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.). (2008). The Oxford handbook of political methodology. Oxford University Press.

Brady, H. E., & Collier, D. (Eds.). (2010). Rethinking social inquiry: Diverse tools, shared standards (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. University of Chicago Press.

Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C. J., & Olshen, R. A. (1984). Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth.

Bueno de Mesquita, B., Smith, A., Siverson, R. M., & Morrow, J. D. (2003). The logic of political survival. MIT Press.

Burden, B. C. (2007). Personal roots of representation. Princeton University Press.

Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. Wiley.

Campbell, J. E. (2012). Polarized: Making sense of a divided America. Princeton University Press.

Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton University Press.

Cassino, D. (2016). Fox News and American politics: How one channel shapes American politics and society. Routledge.

Citrin, J., & Green, D. P. (1990). The self-interest motive in American public opinion. Research in Micropolitics.

Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. E. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent (pp. 206–261). Free Press.

Dahl, R. A. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. University of Chicago Press.

Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale University Press.

Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. Yale University Press.

Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper.

Erikson, R. S., & Tedin, K. L. (2015). American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact (9th ed.). Pearson.

Erikson, R. S., MacKuen, M. B., & Stimson, J. A. (2002). The macro polity. Cambridge University Press.

Fenno, R. F. (1978). Home style: House members in their districts. Little, Brown.

Finkel, S. E. (1995). Causal analysis with panel data. Sage.

Fiorina, M. P. (1981). Retrospective voting in American national elections. Yale University Press.

Fiorina, M. P., Abrams, S. J., & Pope, J. C. (2006). Culture war? The myth of a polarized America (2nd ed.). Pearson Longman.

Foer, F. (2017). World without mind: The existential threat of big tech. Penguin Press.

Frum, D. (2020). Trumpocracy: The corruption of the American republic. Harper.

Gelman, A. (2006). Red state, blue state, rich state, poor state: Why Americans vote the way they do. Princeton University Press.

Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006). Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press.

Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2013). Bayesian data analysis (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

Gelman, A., & Shor, B. (2007). Rich state, poor state, red state, blue state: What's the matter with Connecticut? Quarterly Journal of Political Science.

Gerber, A. S., & Green, D. P. (2012). Field experiments: Design, analysis, and interpretation. W. W. Norton.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.

Graber, D. A. (2006). Mass media and American politics (7th ed.). CQ Press.

Green, D. P., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. Yale University Press.

Greene, J. (2013). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. Penguin Press.

Guber, D. L. (2003). The grassroots of a green revolution: Polling America on the environment. MIT Press.

Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon.

Halberstam, D. (1979). The powers that be. Knopf.

Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009). The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction (2nd ed.). Springer.

Healy, A., & Malhotra, N. (2013). Retrospective voting reconsidered. Annual Review of Political Science.

Hibbs, D. A. (1987). The American political economy: Macroeconomics and electoral politics. Harvard University Press.

Hibbs, D. A. (2000). Bread and peace voting in U.S. presidential elections. Public Choice.

Hillygus, D. S., & Shields, T. G. (2008). The persuadable voter: Wedge issues in presidential campaigns. Princeton University Press.

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.

Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. University of Chicago Press.

Iyengar, S., & Simon, A. (1993). News coverage of the Gulf crisis and public opinion. Communication Research, 20(3), 365–383.

Jacobson, G. C. (2012). The politics of congressional elections (8th ed.). Pearson.

Jasanoff, S. (Ed.). (2004). States of knowledge: The co-production of science and social order. Routledge.

Jost, J. T., & Sidanius, J. (Eds.). (2004). Political psychology: Key readings. Psychology Press.

Key, V. O. (1955). A theory of critical elections. Journal of Politics, 17(1), 3–18.

Key, V. O. (1966). The responsible electorate: Rationality in presidential voting 1936–1960. Harvard University Press.

Kinder, D. R., & Kiewiet, D. R. (1981). Sociotropic politics. British Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 129–161.

King, G. (1997). A solution to the ecological inference problem: Reconstructing individual behavior from aggregate data. Princeton University Press.

King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research. Princeton University Press.

Kramer, G. H. (1971). Short-term fluctuations in U.S. voting behavior. American Political Science Review, 65(1), 131–143.

Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1987). An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response-order effects in survey measurement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(2), 201–219.

Kuklinski, J. H. (Ed.). (2001). Citizens and politics: Perspectives from political psychology. Cambridge University Press.

Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.

Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans. University of Chicago Press.

Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1988). Economics and elections: The major western democracies. University of Michigan Press.

Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Rice, T. W. (1992). Forecasting elections. CQ Press.

Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. Harcourt, Brace.

Lippmann, W. (1925). The phantom public. Harcourt, Brace.

Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2013). The rationalizing voter. Cambridge University Press.

Lowi, T. J. (1964). American business, public policy, case studies, and political theory. World Politics, 16(4), 677–715.

Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (1998). The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? Cambridge University Press.

MacKuen, M. B., Erikson, R. S., & Stimson, J. A. (1989). Macropartisanship. American Political Science Review, 83(4), 1125–1142.

Manin, B. (1997). The principles of representative government. Cambridge University Press.

Mann, T. E., & Ornstein, N. J. (2012). It's even worse than it looks: How the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism. Basic Books.

McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches. MIT Press.

McChesney, R. W. (2013). Digital disconnect: How capitalism is turning the internet against democracy. New Press.

Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton University Press.

Mill, J. S. (1859). On liberty. John W. Parker and Son.

Miller, J. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (2000). News media impact on the ingredients of presidential evaluations. American Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 295–309.

Morgan, S. L., & Winship, C. (2015). Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.

Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review, 64(1), 18–34.

Norpoth, H. (1996). Presidents and the prospective voter. Journal of Politics, 58(3), 776–792.

Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral of silence: Public opinion — our social skin (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.

O'Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown.

Page, B. I., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1992). The rational public: Fifty years of trends in Americans' policy preferences. University of Chicago Press.

Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press.

Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order. Knopf.

Petrocik, J. R. (1996). Issue ownership in presidential elections, with a 1980 case study. American Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 825–850.

Pew Research Center. (2014). Political polarization in the American public. Pew Research Center.

Popkin, S. L. (1991). The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. University of Chicago Press.

Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. Hutchinson.

Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.

Robinson, W. S. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15(3), 351–357.

Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation, and democracy in America. Macmillan.

Sanders, L. M. (1997). Against deliberation. Political Theory, 25(3), 347–376.

Schattschneider, E. E. (1960). The semisovereign people: A realist's view of democracy in America. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Schudson, M. (1998). The good citizen: A history of American civic life. Free Press.

Schultz, Q. J. (Ed.). (2002). Communicating for life: Christian stewardship in community and media. Baker Academic.

Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2018). Identity crisis: The 2016 presidential campaign and the battle for the meaning of America. Princeton University Press.

Silver, N. (2012). The signal and the noise: Why so many predictions fail — but some don't. Penguin Press.

Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A., & Tetlock, P. E. (1991). Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. Cambridge University Press.

Stanley, J. (2018). How fascism works: The politics of us and them. Random House.

Stimson, J. A. (1991). Public opinion in America: Moods, cycles, and swings. Westview Press.

Stimson, J. A. (2004). Tides of consent: How public opinion shapes American politics. Cambridge University Press.

Stouffer, S. A. (1955). Communism, conformity, and civil liberties. Doubleday.

Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton University Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Going to extremes: How like minds unite and divide. Oxford University Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.

Tesler, M. (2016). Post-racial or most-racial? Race and politics in the Obama era. University of Chicago Press.

Tetlock, P. E. (2005). Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know? Princeton University Press.

Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: The art and science of prediction. Crown.

Tocqueville, A. de. (2000). Democracy in America (H. C. Mansfield & D. Winthrop, Trans.). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1835–1840)

Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Communication Research, 30(5), 504–529.

Tufte, E. R. (1978). Political control of the economy. Princeton University Press.

Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Graphics Press.

Vavreck, L. (2009). The message matters: The economy and presidential campaigns. Princeton University Press.

Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.

Weaver, D. H., Beam, R. A., Brownlee, B. J., Voakes, P. S., & Wilhoit, G. C. (2007). The American journalist in the 21st century: U.S. news people at the dawn of a new millennium. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Wilson, J. Q. (1973). Political organizations. Basic Books.

Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. J. (1980). Who votes? Yale University Press.

Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge University Press.

Zaller, J. R., & Feldman, S. (1992). A simple theory of the survey response. American Journal of Political Science, 36(3), 579–616.

Journal Articles

Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is polarization a myth? Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542–555.

Achen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016). Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government. Princeton University Press.

Althaus, S. L. (2003). When news norms collide, follow the lead: New evidence for press independence. Political Communication, 20(4), 381–414.

Ansolabehere, S., de Figueiredo, J. M., & Snyder, J. M. (2003). Why is there so little money in U.S. politics? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1), 105–130.

Arceneaux, K. (2012). Cognitive biases and the strength of political arguments. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2), 271–285.

Bartels, L. M. (1988). Presidential primaries and the dynamics of public choice. Princeton University Press.

Bartels, L. M. (1993). Messages received: The political impact of media exposure. American Political Science Review, 87(2), 267–285.

Bartels, L. M. (2000). Partisanship and voting behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 35–50.

Berinsky, A. J. (2004). Can we talk? Self-presentation and the survey response. Political Psychology, 25(4), 643–659.

Berinsky, A. J. (2017). Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241–262.

Bishop, G. F., Oldendick, R. W., Tuchfarber, A. J., & Bennett, S. E. (1980). Pseudo-opinions on public affairs. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 198–209.

Boudreau, C., & MacKenzie, S. A. (2014). Informing the electorate? How party cues and policy information affect public opinion about initiatives. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 48–62.

Brady, H. E., Verba, S., & Schlozman, K. L. (1995). Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 271–294.

Broockman, D. E., & Butler, D. M. (2017). The causal effects of elite position-taking on voter attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 208–221.

Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220–224.

Callegaro, M., Baker, R., Bethlehem, J., Göritz, A. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Lavrakas, P. J. (Eds.). (2014). Online panel research: A data quality perspective. Wiley.

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2010). Dynamic public opinion: Communication effects over time. American Political Science Review, 104(4), 663–680.

Clinton, J. D., & Lapinski, J. S. (2004). "Targeted" advertising and voter turnout: An experimental study of the 2000 presidential election. Journal of Politics, 66(1), 69–96.

Converse, P. E., & Markus, G. B. (1979). Plus ça change...: The new CPS election study panel. American Political Science Review, 73(1), 32–49.

Costas Panagopoulos, R., & Green, D. P. (2011). Spanish-language radio advertisements and Latino voter turnout in the 2006 congressional elections. Political Research Quarterly, 64(3), 588–599.

Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225–256.

Druckman, J. N. (2004). Political preference formation: Competition, deliberation, and the (ir)relevance of framing effects. American Political Science Review, 98(4), 671–686.

Druckman, J. N., & Leeper, T. J. (2012). Learning more from political communication experiments: Pretreatment and its effects. American Journal of Political Science, 56(4), 875–896.

Duch, R. M., & Stevenson, R. T. (2008). The economic vote: How political and economic institutions condition election results. Cambridge University Press.

Enns, P. K., & Koch, J. (2013). Public opinion in the U.S. states: 1956 to 2010. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 13(3), 349–372.

Fair, R. C. (1978). The effect of economic events on votes for president. Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(2), 159–173.

Fiorina, M. P. (1978). Economic retrospective voting in American national elections. American Journal of Political Science, 22(2), 426–443.

Forsythe, R., Nelson, F., Neumann, G. R., & Wright, J. (1992). Anatomy of an experimental political stock market. American Economic Review, 82(5), 1142–1161.

Fowler, A., & Margolis, M. (2014). The political consequences of uninformed voters. Electoral Studies, 34, 100–110.

Gaines, B. J., Kuklinski, J. H., & Quirk, P. J. (2007). The logic of the survey experiment reexamined. Political Analysis, 15(1), 1–20.

Gelman, A., & King, G. (1993). Why are American presidential election campaign polls so variable when votes are so predictable? British Journal of Political Science, 23(4), 409–451.

Gerber, A., Green, D. P., & Larimer, C. W. (2008). Social pressure and voter turnout: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 33–48.

Gerber, A. S., Karlan, D., & Bergan, D. (2009). Does the media matter? A field experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinions. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(2), 35–52.

Ghitza, Y., & Gelman, A. (2013). Deep interactions with MRP: Election turnout and voting patterns among small electoral subgroups. American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 762–776.

Graber, D. A. (1988). Processing the news: How people tame the information tide (2nd ed.). Longman.

Green, D. P., & Gerber, A. S. (2008). Get out the vote: How to increase voter turnout (2nd ed.). Brookings Institution Press.

Green, D. P., Ha, S. E., & Bullock, J. G. (2010). Enough already about "black box" experiments: Studying mediation is more difficult than most scholars suppose. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 628(1), 200–208.

Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science Advances, 5(1), eaau4586.

Healy, A. J., Malhotra, N., & Mo, C. H. (2010). Irrelevant events affect voters' evaluations of government performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(29), 12804–12809.

Hibbs, D. A. (2000). Bread and peace voting in U.S. presidential elections. Public Choice, 104(1–2), 149–180.

Hillygus, D. S., & Jackman, S. (2003). Voter decision making in Election 2000: Campaign effects, partisan activation, and the Clinton legacy. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 583–596.

Huckfeldt, R., & Sprague, J. (1987). Networks in context: The social flow of political information. American Political Science Review, 81(4), 1197–1216.

Iyengar, S., Peters, M. D., & Kinder, D. R. (1982). Experimental demonstrations of the "not-so-minimal" consequences of television news programs. American Political Science Review, 76(4), 848–858.

Jackman, S. (2005). Pooling the polls over an election campaign. Australian Journal of Political Science, 40(4), 499–517.

Kalla, J. L., & Broockman, D. E. (2018). The minimal persuasive effects of campaign contact in general elections: Evidence from 49 field experiments. American Political Science Review, 112(1), 148–166.

Keele, L., & Minozzi, W. (2013). How much is Minnesota like Wisconsin? Assumptions and counterfactuals in causal inference with observational data. Political Analysis, 21(2), 193–216.

Krosnick, J. A. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 537–567.

Krosnick, J. A., & Kinder, D. R. (1990). Altering the foundations of support for the president through priming. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 497–512.

Lau, R. R., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951–971.

Leeper, T. J., & Slothuus, R. (2014). Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation. Advances in Political Psychology, 35(S1), 129–156.

Luskin, R. C. (1990). Explaining political sophistication. Political Behavior, 12(4), 331–361.

Malhotra, N., & Krosnick, J. A. (2007). The effect of survey mode and sampling on inferences about political attitudes and behavior: Comparing the 2000 and 2004 ANES to internet surveys with nonprobability samples. Political Analysis, 15(3), 286–323.

Manski, C. F. (1990). Nonparametric bounds on treatment effects. American Economic Review, 80(2), 319–323.

Markus, G. B., & Converse, P. E. (1979). A dynamic simultaneous equation model of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 73(4), 1055–1070.

Martin, G. J., & Yurukoglu, A. (2017). Bias in cable news: Persuasion and polarization. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2565–2599.

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.

Miller, W. E., & Shanks, J. M. (1996). The new American voter. Harvard University Press.

Mondak, J. J. (2001). Developing valid knowledge scales. American Journal of Political Science, 45(1), 224–238.

Mutz, D. C. (2002). Cross-cutting social networks: Testing democratic theory in practice. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111–126.

Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567–583.

Nickerson, D. W. (2008). Is voting contagious? Evidence from two field experiments. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 49–57.

Nickerson, D. W., & Rogers, T. (2010). Do you have a voting plan? Implementation intentions, voter turnout, and organic plan making. Psychological Science, 21(2), 194–199.

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123–205.

Price, V., & Tewksbury, D. (1997). News values and public opinion: A theoretical account of media priming and framing. In G. A. Barnett & F. J. Boster (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences (Vol. 13, pp. 173–212). Ablex.

Prior, M. (2010). You've either got it or you don't? The stability of political interest over the life cycle. Journal of Politics, 72(3), 747–766.

Rahn, W. M. (1993). The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 472–496.

Rivers, D. (2007). Sampling for web surveys. Proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings.

Schuman, H., & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording, and context. Academic Press.

Sides, J., & Vavreck, L. (2013). The gamble: Choice and chance in the 2012 presidential election. Princeton University Press.

Sniderman, P. M., & Theriault, S. M. (2004). The structure of political argument and the logic of issue framing. In W. E. Saris & P. M. Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion: Attitudes, nonattitudes, measurement error, and change (pp. 133–165). Princeton University Press.

Stimson, J. A., MacKuen, M. B., & Erikson, R. S. (1995). Dynamic representation. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 543–565.

Sunstein, C. R. (2002). The law of group polarization. Journal of Political Philosophy, 10(2), 175–195.

Tesler, M., & Sears, D. O. (2010). Obama's race: The 2008 election and the dream of a post-racial America. University of Chicago Press.

Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge University Press.

Vavreck, L., & Rivers, D. (2008). The 2006 cooperative congressional election study. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 18(4), 355–366.

Weisberg, H. F. (1983). A multidimensional conceptualization of party identification. Political Behavior, 5(1), 33–60.

Zaller, J. R. (1991). Information, values, and opinion. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1215–1237.

Reports and White Papers

American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2016). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys (9th ed.). AAPOR. https://www.aapor.org/Standards-Ethics/Standard-Definitions-(1).aspx

American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2017). An evaluation of 2016 election polls in the U.S. AAPOR Ad Hoc Committee on 2016 Election Polling. https://www.aapor.org/Education-Resources/Reports/An-Evaluation-of-2016-Election-Polls-in-the-U-S.aspx

American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2021). Report on the accuracy of the 2020 presidential election polls. AAPOR. https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/MainSiteFiles/AAPOR-Task-Force-on-2020-Pre-Election-Polling_Executive-Summary.pdf

Blumenthal, M. (2014). Polls, forecasts, and aggregators. PS: Political Science & Politics.

Brookings Institution. (2017). How data-driven campaigning is changing political strategy. Brookings Institution.

Center for Responsive Politics. (2022). Outside spending by type of group. OpenSecrets. https://www.opensecrets.org/outside-spending/fes_summ.php

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Online Resources and Databases

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Software, Packages, and Technical Documentation

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Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L. D., François, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T. L., Miller, E., Bache, S. M., Müller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D. P., Spinu, V., ... Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686

This bibliography reflects sources cited throughout the textbook. Works referenced only in Further Reading sections of individual chapters appear in those sections rather than here. All URLs were active as of the textbook's publication date; researchers should verify current availability.