Index

This index lists key terms, names, cases, statutes, institutions, and concepts discussed throughout the textbook. References point to chapters (Ch.) and appendices (Appendix). For definitions, see the Glossary. For full case summaries, see Appendix E. For state-specific information, see Appendix I.

A

501(c)(3) — Ch. 24, Glossary

501(c)(4) — Ch. 24, Ch. 34, Glossary

527 organization — Ch. 34, Glossary

Abortion — Ch. 5 (Roe, Dobbs), Ch. 14, Ch. 23, Ch. 26 (movement), Ch. 28, Appendix E

Absentee ballot — Ch. 36, Glossary

ActBlue — Ch. 21, Ch. 34, Glossary

Actual malice — Ch. 5, Glossary

Adams, John — Ch. 2, Ch. 19 (Federalist Party)

Administrative Procedure Act (APA, 1946) — Ch. 11

Administrative state — Ch. 11, Glossary

Advice and consent — Ch. 9, Ch. 14, Glossary

Affective polarization — Ch. 25, Glossary

Affordable Care Act (ACA) — Ch. 7 (running example), Ch. 8 (legislative process), Ch. 11 (implementation), Ch. 14 (NFIB v. Sebelius), Ch. 16 (budget), Ch. 26 (Tea Party reaction), Ch. 28 (case study), Ch. 33 (full case study)

Afghanistan War — Ch. 32

African Americans — see Civil rights; Race and politics; Voting Rights Act

Agency capture — Ch. 11, Ch. 24, Glossary

Agenda-setting — Ch. 18, Ch. 33, Glossary

Alabama — Ch. 6 (civil rights movement), Ch. 35 (Allen v. Milligan), Appendix I

Alaska — Ch. 19 (top-four primary), Ch. 38 (RCV), Appendix I

Alito, Samuel — Ch. 14

Amendment process (Article V) — Ch. 3, Glossary

American National Election Studies (ANES) — Ch. 17, Glossary

American Revolution — Ch. 2

Amicus curiae — Ch. 14

Anti-commandeering doctrine — Ch. 4, Glossary

Anti-Federalists — Ch. 2, Ch. 3, Ch. 5

Appellate jurisdiction — Ch. 12, Ch. 13, Ch. 14, Glossary

Apportionment — Ch. 7, Ch. 35

Approval voting — Ch. 38, Glossary

Arizona — Ch. 31 (immigration), Ch. 35 (redistricting commission), Appendix I

Arkansas — Ch. 6 (Little Rock), Appendix I

Article I — Ch. 3, Ch. 7, Appendix A, Glossary

Article II — Ch. 3, Ch. 9, Appendix A, Glossary

Article III — Ch. 3, Ch. 12, Appendix A, Glossary

Article IV — Ch. 4, Appendix A

Article V — Ch. 3, Appendix A, Glossary

Article VI — Ch. 4 (Supremacy Clause), Appendix A

Articles of Confederation — Ch. 2, Ch. 3, Glossary

Asian Americans — Ch. 6, Ch. 23

Asymmetric federalism — Ch. 4, Glossary

Attorney General — Ch. 10, Ch. 11

Australian ballot — Ch. 36, Glossary

B

Backbencher — Ch. 8, Glossary

Balance of power — Ch. 3, Ch. 32, Glossary

Ballot initiative — Ch. 15, Glossary

Barron v. Baltimore (1833) — Ch. 5

Bicameralism — Ch. 7, Glossary

Biden, Joseph R. — Ch. 9, Ch. 10, Ch. 20, Ch. 28 (ACA), Ch. 31 (immigration), Ch. 32

Bill of Rights — Ch. 3, Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA, McCain-Feingold, 2002) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Black Lives Matter — Ch. 23, Ch. 26

Block grant — Ch. 4, Glossary

Blue slip — Ch. 13, Glossary

Bork, Robert — Ch. 12 (originalism), Ch. 14 (1987 nomination)

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) — Ch. 6, Glossary

Brandeis, Louis — Ch. 4 ("laboratories of democracy"), Ch. 12

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) — Ch. 5 (incitement test, case study), Appendix E

Breyer, Stephen — Ch. 14

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Ch. 6, Ch. 14, Appendix E

Brnovich v. DNC (2021) — Ch. 36

Bruen (NYSRPA v. Bruen, 2022) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Buchanan, Patrick — Ch. 25 (culture war)

Buckley v. Valeo (1976) — Ch. 34, Appendix E

Budget process — Ch. 16

Bully pulpit — Ch. 9, Glossary

Bundler — Ch. 34, Glossary

Bureaucracy — see Administrative state; Civil service; Executive branch (Ch. 11)

Bush, George H. W. — Ch. 9, Ch. 10 (vice presidency)

Bush, George W. — Ch. 9, Ch. 20 (2000 election), Ch. 29 (No Child Left Behind), Ch. 32 (Iraq War)

Bush v. Gore (2000) — Ch. 14, Ch. 20, Appendix E

Byrd Rule — Ch. 8, Ch. 16, Glossary

C

Cabinet — Ch. 10, Glossary

California — Ch. 4 (federalism conflicts), Ch. 19 (top-two primary), Ch. 30 (climate policy), Appendix I

Campaign finance — Ch. 21, Ch. 34, Appendix E (Citizens United, Buckley)

Campaign operations — Ch. 21

Canvassing — Ch. 21, Glossary

Carpenter v. United States (2018) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Carter, Jimmy — Ch. 9, Ch. 10

Categorical grant — Ch. 4, Glossary

Caucus (congressional) — Ch. 8, Glossary

Caucus (nominating) — Ch. 19, Glossary

Census — Ch. 7, Ch. 35

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) — Ch. 11

Certiorari (cert) — Ch. 14, Glossary

Checks and balances — Ch. 3, Glossary

Cheney, Dick — Ch. 10 (vice presidency), Ch. 32

Chevron deference — Ch. 11, Glossary

Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC (1984) — Ch. 11

Chicago — Ch. 15

China policy — Ch. 32

Christian nationalism — Ch. 23, Ch. 25

Citizens United v. FEC (2010) — Ch. 24, Ch. 34 (running example, full case study), Appendix E

Civil liberties — Ch. 5, Glossary

Civil rights — Ch. 6, Glossary

Civil Rights Act (1964) — Ch. 6, Ch. 26, Ch. 33

Civil service — Ch. 11, Glossary

Civil War — Ch. 4, Ch. 19 (realignment), Ch. 36

Clean Air Act (1970) — Ch. 30

Clean Water Act (1972) — Ch. 30

Climate change — Ch. 30, Ch. 33

Clinton, Bill — Ch. 9, Ch. 28 (welfare reform)

Clinton, Hillary — Ch. 20 (2016 election)

Closed primary — Ch. 19, Glossary

Cloture — Ch. 8, Glossary

Coalition government — Ch. 39, Glossary

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Cohabitation — Ch. 39, Glossary

Colorado — Ch. 30 (energy), Appendix I

Commerce Clause — Ch. 4, Ch. 14, Glossary

Compactness — Ch. 35, Glossary

Comparative perspective — Ch. 39, Appendix J

Competitive district — Ch. 35, Glossary

Concurring opinion — Ch. 14, Glossary

Confederation — Ch. 2, Glossary

Conference committee — Ch. 8, Glossary

Congress — Ch. 7, Ch. 8 (full treatment); see also House of Representatives; Senate

Congressional Black Caucus — Ch. 8

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) — Ch. 16, Glossary

Congressional district (Reader's) — Ch. 7, Ch. 17, Ch. 22, Ch. 35, Ch. 40 (anchor example throughout)

Congressional Research Service (CRS) — Ch. 8, Glossary

Connecticut — Ch. 2 (Compromise), Appendix I

Connecticut Compromise — Ch. 2, Ch. 3, Ch. 7

Constitution, U.S. — Ch. 3, Appendix A, Glossary

Constitutional Convention (1787) — Ch. 2, Ch. 3, Glossary

Constitutional hardball — Ch. 37, Glossary

Continuing resolution (CR) — Ch. 16, Glossary

Cook Partisan Voting Index (PVI) — Ch. 17, Ch. 35, Glossary

Cooperative federalism — Ch. 4, Glossary

Cordon sanitaire — Ch. 39, Glossary

Court packing — Ch. 14, Ch. 38, Glossary

COVID-19 pandemic — Ch. 4, Ch. 11, Ch. 16 (CARES Act), Ch. 28, Ch. 36

Cracking — Ch. 35, Glossary

Critical election — Ch. 19, Glossary

Cross-pressured voter — Ch. 22, Glossary

Crosstab — Ch. 17, Appendix F, Glossary

Cuban Americans — Ch. 23

D

Dark money — Ch. 34, Glossary

Data Trust — Ch. 21, Glossary

Debt ceiling — Ch. 16, Glossary

Declaration of Independence — Ch. 2, Appendix C, Glossary

Defense, Department of — Ch. 11, Ch. 32

Defense spending — Ch. 16, Ch. 32

Democratic backsliding — Ch. 37, Glossary

Democratic erosion — Ch. 37 (full chapter), Ch. 38, Glossary

Democratic Party — Ch. 19, Ch. 23 (coalition), Ch. 25

Demographic crosstab — Ch. 17, Appendix F

Direct democracy — Ch. 15, Ch. 38

Disclosure (campaign finance) — Ch. 34

Discretionary spending — Ch. 16, Glossary

Disparate impact — Ch. 6, Glossary

Disparate treatment — Ch. 6, Glossary

Dissenting opinion — Ch. 14, Glossary

District court — Ch. 13, Glossary

District of Columbia — Ch. 4, Ch. 15, Ch. 36, Appendix I

District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) — Ch. 5, Glossary (see Heller)

Divided government — Ch. 9, Glossary

Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) — Ch. 5, Ch. 14, Ch. 23, Ch. 26, Appendix E

Donor disclosure — Ch. 34, Glossary

Double jeopardy — Ch. 5, Glossary

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) — Ch. 6, Ch. 12

Drop box — Ch. 36, Glossary

Dual federalism — Ch. 4, Glossary

Due Process Clause — Ch. 5 (Fifth, Fourteenth Amendments), Ch. 6, Glossary

Duverger's Law — Ch. 19, Ch. 39, Glossary

E

Earmark — Ch. 16, Glossary

Early voting — Ch. 36, Glossary

Education, Department of — Ch. 11, Ch. 29

Education policy — Ch. 29

Efficiency gap — Ch. 35, Glossary

Eighteenth Amendment — Appendix B

Eighth Amendment — Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Eisenhower, Dwight D. — Ch. 6 (Little Rock), Ch. 32 (military-industrial complex)

Election certification — Ch. 36, Ch. 37, Glossary

Election of 2000 — Ch. 14 (Bush v. Gore), Ch. 20

Election of 2008 — Ch. 19, Ch. 20

Election of 2016 — Ch. 19, Ch. 20

Election of 2020 — Ch. 20, Ch. 36, Ch. 37

Election of 2024 (anchor example) — Ch. 17, Ch. 18, Ch. 20, Ch. 21, Ch. 22, Ch. 25 (running thread throughout)

Electioneering communication — Ch. 34, Glossary

Electoral College — Ch. 20, Ch. 38, Appendix G, Glossary

Eligible voter — Ch. 22, Glossary

Employment Division v. Smith (1990) — Ch. 5 (see Smith)

Energy policy — Ch. 30

Environmental policy — Ch. 30

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — Ch. 11, Ch. 30

Equal Protection Clause — Ch. 6, Ch. 35, Glossary

Establishment Clause — Ch. 5, Glossary

Exclusionary rule — Ch. 5, Glossary

Executive agreement — Ch. 32, Glossary

Executive branch — Ch. 9, Ch. 10, Ch. 11

Executive Office of the President (EOP) — Ch. 10, Glossary

Executive order — Ch. 9, Ch. 11, Glossary

Executive privilege — Ch. 9, Glossary

Exit poll — Ch. 17, Glossary

F

Faction — Ch. 2 (Federalist 10), Glossary

Faithless elector — Ch. 20, Glossary

FARA (Foreign Agents Registration Act) — Ch. 24, Glossary

Federal budget — Ch. 16, Glossary

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) — Ch. 11

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) — Ch. 11, Ch. 18

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Federal Election Commission (FEC) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Federal preemption — Ch. 4, Glossary

Federal Register — Ch. 11, Glossary

Federal Reserve — Ch. 11, Ch. 27

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) — Ch. 11

Federalism — Ch. 4, Glossary

Federalist Papers — Ch. 2, Appendix D, Glossary - Federalist 10 (Madison) — Ch. 2 (faction) - Federalist 51 (Madison) — Ch. 2, Ch. 3 - Federalist 70 (Hamilton) — Ch. 2, Ch. 9 - Federalist 78 (Hamilton) — Ch. 2, Ch. 12

Federalist Party (historical) — Ch. 19

Felon disenfranchisement — Ch. 36, Glossary

Fifteenth Amendment — Ch. 6, Ch. 36, Appendix B, Glossary

Fifth Amendment — Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Filibuster — Ch. 8, Ch. 38 (reform), Glossary

First Amendment — Ch. 5, Ch. 24 (lobbying), Ch. 34 (campaign finance), Appendix B, Glossary

First-past-the-post (FPTP) — Ch. 19, Ch. 39, Glossary

Fiscal federalism — Ch. 4, Glossary

Floor leader — Ch. 8, Glossary

Florida — Ch. 14 (Bush v. Gore), Ch. 20, Ch. 31, Appendix I

Focusing event — Ch. 33, Glossary

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — Ch. 11

Ford, Gerald — Ch. 9, Ch. 10

Foreign policy — Ch. 32

Founders / Founding Fathers — Ch. 2 (Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson, Adams, Washington, Franklin, Jay)

Fourteenth Amendment — Ch. 5, Ch. 6, Appendix B, Glossary

Fourth Amendment — Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Franklin, Benjamin — Ch. 2

Free Exercise Clause — Ch. 5, Glossary

Freedom House — Ch. 39, Glossary

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA, 1966) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Full Faith and Credit Clause — Ch. 4, Glossary

G

Garbage-can model — Ch. 33, Glossary

Garland, Merrick — Ch. 14 (2016 nomination), Ch. 37

General Accountability Office (GAO) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Georgia — Ch. 6, Ch. 36, Appendix I

Gerrymandering — Ch. 35 (running example throughout), Glossary

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) — Ch. 4

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader — Ch. 6, Ch. 14

Gore, Al — Ch. 10, Ch. 14, Ch. 20

GOTV (Get Out The Vote) — Ch. 21, Glossary

Grand jury — Ch. 5, Glossary

Grants-in-aid — Ch. 4, Glossary

Great Compromise — see Connecticut Compromise

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) — Ch. 5

Gun rights — Ch. 5 (Heller, Bruen), Ch. 23, Ch. 26

H

Habeas corpus — Ch. 5, Glossary

Hamilton, Alexander — Ch. 2, Ch. 9 (Federalist 70), Ch. 12 (Federalist 78), Ch. 19 (Federalist Party), Ch. 27 (financial system)

Hamiltonian — Ch. 2, Glossary

Hard money — Ch. 34, Glossary

Harlan, John Marshall (the Elder) — Ch. 6 (Plessy dissent)

Harris, Kamala — Ch. 10, Ch. 20

Hastert Rule — Ch. 8, Glossary

Hawaii — Appendix I

Healthcare policy — Ch. 28; see also Affordable Care Act

Heller (D.C. v. Heller, 2008) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Hispanic / Latino voters — Ch. 23, Ch. 31

Hold (Senate) — Ch. 8, Glossary

House effect — Ch. 17, Appendix F, Glossary

House of Representatives — Ch. 7, Ch. 8, Glossary

Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935) — Ch. 11, Glossary

I

Identity politics — Ch. 23

Ideology — Ch. 17, Ch. 19, Ch. 25

Illinois — Ch. 35, Appendix I

Immigration — Ch. 31

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) — Ch. 31

Impeachment — Ch. 7, Ch. 9, Glossary

Implementation — Ch. 11, Ch. 33, Glossary

Implied powers — Ch. 4, Glossary

Incorporation doctrine — Ch. 5, Glossary

Incumbency advantage — Ch. 22, Glossary

Independent agency — Ch. 11, Glossary

Independent expenditure — Ch. 34, Glossary

Independent redistricting commission — Ch. 35, Glossary

Inflation Reduction Act (2022) — Ch. 16, Ch. 30

Inherent powers — Ch. 9, Glossary

Inspector General (IG) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Interest group — Ch. 24, Glossary

Intermediate scrutiny — Ch. 6, Glossary

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) — Ch. 11, Ch. 27

Iowa — Ch. 19 (caucus), Appendix I

Iran nuclear deal — Ch. 32

Iraq War — Ch. 32

Iron triangle — Ch. 24, Glossary

Issue public — Ch. 17, Glossary

J

Jackson, Andrew — Ch. 11 (spoils system), Ch. 19

Jackson, Ketanji Brown — Ch. 14

January 6, 2021 — Ch. 37

Japanese American internment — Ch. 6 (Korematsu)

Jay, John — Ch. 2 (Federalist)

Jefferson, Thomas — Ch. 2, Appendix C (Declaration), Ch. 19 (Democratic-Republican Party)

Jeffersonian — Ch. 2, Glossary

Jim Crow — Ch. 6, Ch. 36

Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) — Ch. 16, Ch. 27, Glossary

Joint fundraising committee (JFC) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Judicial activism — Ch. 12, Ch. 14, Glossary

Judicial restraint — Ch. 12, Glossary

Judicial review — Ch. 12, Appendix E (Marbury), Glossary

Judiciary Act (1789) — Ch. 12, Ch. 13

Jurisdiction — Ch. 12, Ch. 13, Glossary

Jus sanguinis — Ch. 31, Glossary

Jus soli — Ch. 31, Glossary

Justiciability — Ch. 12, Glossary

K

K Street — Ch. 24, Glossary

Kagan, Elena — Ch. 14

Kansas — Appendix I

Kavanaugh, Brett — Ch. 14

Kelo v. City of New London (2005) — Ch. 5

Kennedy, Anthony — Ch. 14

Kennedy v. Bremerton (2022) — Ch. 5

Kentucky — Appendix I

Kingdon, John — Ch. 33 (three streams)

King, Martin Luther, Jr. — Ch. 6, Ch. 26

Korematsu v. United States (1944) — Ch. 6, Glossary

L

Labor unions — Ch. 23, Ch. 24, Ch. 27

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Leadership PAC — Ch. 34, Glossary

Legitimacy — Ch. 1, Ch. 14, Ch. 37, Glossary

Lemon test — Ch. 5, Glossary

Levitsky, Steven and Ziblatt, Daniel — Ch. 37 (How Democracies Die)

LGBTQ rights — Ch. 5 (Lawrence), Ch. 6 (Obergefell, Bostock), Ch. 23, Ch. 26

Likely-voter screen — Ch. 17, Appendix F, Glossary

Lincoln, Abraham — Ch. 9, Ch. 19, Ch. 36

Living constitutionalism — Ch. 14, Glossary

Lobbying — Ch. 24, Glossary

Locke, John — Ch. 2

Logrolling — Ch. 8, Glossary

Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (2024) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Louisiana — Ch. 6 (Plessy), Appendix I

M

Madison, James — Ch. 2 (Founders, Federalist 10 and 51), Ch. 3 (Constitution), Ch. 5 (Bill of Rights), Ch. 12 (Marbury)

Maine — Ch. 19 (RCV), Appendix I

Majority leader — Ch. 8, Glossary

Majority opinion — Ch. 14, Glossary

Major-questions doctrine — Ch. 11, Glossary

Mandatory spending — Ch. 16, Glossary

Manchin, Joe — Ch. 8

Manager's amendment — Ch. 8, Glossary

Marbury v. Madison (1803) — Ch. 12, Appendix E, Glossary

March on Washington (1963) — Ch. 26

Margin of error — Ch. 17, Appendix F, Glossary

Markup — Ch. 8, Glossary

Marshall, John — Ch. 4 (McCulloch), Ch. 12 (Marbury)

Marshall, Thurgood — Ch. 6, Ch. 14

Maryland — Ch. 4 (McCulloch), Appendix I

Massachusetts — Ch. 2 (Shays' Rebellion), Appendix I

Mass media — Ch. 18, Glossary

Mayhew, David — Ch. 7

McCain, John — Ch. 34 (BCRA)

McCain-Feingold Act — see Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

McCarthy era — Ch. 5, Glossary

McConnell, Mitch — Ch. 8, Ch. 14, Ch. 37

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) — Ch. 4, Appendix E

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Media — Ch. 18

Media bias — Ch. 18, Glossary

Median voter theorem — Ch. 22, Glossary

Medicaid — Ch. 4, Ch. 16, Ch. 28

Medicare — Ch. 16, Ch. 28

Michigan — Ch. 35 (redistricting commission), Appendix I

Midterm election — Ch. 22, Glossary

Military-industrial complex — Ch. 32

Minnesota — Appendix I

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Mississippi — Ch. 5 (Dobbs), Ch. 6, Appendix I

Missouri Compromise (1820) — Ch. 6

Mootness — Ch. 12, Glossary

Motion to proceed — Ch. 8, Glossary

Motor Voter Act (1993) — Ch. 36

N

NAACP — Ch. 6, Ch. 24, Ch. 26

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 1970) — Ch. 30, Glossary

National Labor Relations Act (1935) — Ch. 27

National Rifle Association (NRA) — Ch. 24

National Security Agency (NSA) — Ch. 5

National Security Council (NSC) — Ch. 10, Ch. 32, Glossary

National Voter Registration Act — see Motor Voter Act

Native Americans — Ch. 4, Ch. 23, Ch. 36

Nebraska — Ch. 15 (unicameral), Appendix I

Necessary and Proper Clause — Ch. 4, Glossary

Negative partisanship — Ch. 25, Glossary

Nevada — Appendix I

New Deal — Ch. 4, Ch. 11, Ch. 19, Ch. 27, Ch. 28

New Hampshire — Ch. 19 (primary), Appendix I

New Jersey Plan — Ch. 2, Ch. 3

New Mexico — Appendix I

New York — Ch. 5 (Bruen), Ch. 15, Ch. 34 (public financing), Appendix I

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) — Ch. 5

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) — Ch. 5 (Pentagon Papers)

NFIB v. Sebelius (2012) — Ch. 4, Ch. 14, Ch. 28, Appendix E

NGP VAN — Ch. 21, Glossary

Ninth Amendment — Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Nineteenth Amendment — Ch. 36, Appendix B, Glossary

Nixon, Richard — Ch. 9, Ch. 19 (Southern Strategy), Ch. 30 (EPA), Appendix E (United States v. Nixon)

No Child Left Behind (2001) — Ch. 29

Nonprofit organizations — Ch. 24

Norms (vs. rules) — Ch. 37, Glossary

North Carolina — Ch. 35 (gerrymandering), Ch. 36, Appendix I

Notice-and-comment rulemaking — Ch. 11, Glossary

Nuclear option — Ch. 8, Glossary

O

Obama, Barack — Ch. 9, Ch. 14 (Garland nomination), Ch. 28 (ACA), Ch. 32

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — Ch. 6, Appendix E, Glossary

Occupy Wall Street — Ch. 26

Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) — Ch. 10, Ch. 16, Glossary

Ohio — Ch. 35 (gerrymandering), Appendix I

Oklahoma — Appendix I

Olson, Mancur — Ch. 24 (collective action)

Omnibus bill — Ch. 8, Ch. 16, Glossary

OpenSecrets — Ch. 24, Ch. 34, Glossary

Open primary — Ch. 19, Glossary

Oregon — Ch. 36 (vote-by-mail), Appendix I

Original jurisdiction — Ch. 12, Glossary

Originalism — Ch. 14, Glossary

Override (veto) — Ch. 9, Glossary

Oversight — Ch. 7, Glossary

P

PAC — see Political action committee

Packing — Ch. 35, Glossary

Parliamentary system — Ch. 39, Appendix J, Glossary

Partisan realignment — Ch. 19, Glossary

Partisan sorting — Ch. 25, Glossary

Party platform — Ch. 19, Glossary

Pelosi, Nancy — Ch. 8

Pendleton Act (1883) — Ch. 11

Pennsylvania — Ch. 35, Appendix I

Per curiam — Ch. 14, Glossary

Perception gap — Ch. 25, Glossary

Pew Research Center — Ch. 17, Glossary

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) — Ch. 6, Glossary

Plurality opinion — Ch. 14, Glossary

Pocket veto — Ch. 9, Glossary

Polarization — Ch. 25, Glossary

Policy feedback — Ch. 33, Glossary

Policy network — Ch. 33, Glossary

Policy process — Ch. 33

Policy window — Ch. 33, Glossary

Political action committee (PAC) — Ch. 24, Ch. 34, Glossary

Political party — Ch. 19, Glossary

Political question doctrine — Ch. 12, Ch. 35, Glossary

Political socialization — Ch. 17, Glossary

Polling — Ch. 17, Appendix F

Popular vote — Ch. 20, Glossary

Pork-barrel spending — Ch. 16, Glossary

Powell, Lewis — Ch. 24 (Powell Memo)

Preamble to the Constitution — Ch. 3, Appendix A

Preemption — Ch. 4, Glossary

Presidency — Ch. 9 (full chapter)

Presidential immunity — Ch. 9, Glossary

Presidential proclamation — Ch. 9, Glossary

Presidential system — Ch. 39, Glossary

President pro tempore — Ch. 8, Glossary

Primary election — Ch. 19, Glossary

Printz v. United States (1997) — Ch. 4

Prior restraint — Ch. 5, Glossary

Privileges and Immunities Clause — Ch. 4, Glossary

Probable cause — Ch. 5, Glossary

Procedural due process — Ch. 5, Glossary

Progressive Era — Ch. 19, Ch. 36, Glossary

Proportional representation (PR) — Ch. 39, Appendix J, Glossary

Provisional ballot — Ch. 36, Glossary

Public comment — Ch. 11, Glossary

Public financing — Ch. 34, Ch. 38, Glossary

Public-forum doctrine — Ch. 5, Glossary

Public opinion — Ch. 17, Glossary

Puerto Rico — Ch. 4, Appendix I

Purposivism — Ch. 14, Glossary

Putnam, Robert — Ch. 24, Ch. 26 (Bowling Alone)

R

Race and politics — Ch. 6, Ch. 23, Ch. 35, Ch. 36

Racial gerrymandering — Ch. 35, Glossary

Ranked-choice voting (RCV) — Ch. 38, Glossary

Rational basis — Ch. 6, Glossary

Reagan, Ronald — Ch. 9, Ch. 19 (realignment), Ch. 27, Ch. 28

Reconciliation — Ch. 8, Ch. 16, Glossary

Reconstruction — Ch. 6, Ch. 19, Ch. 36

Redistricting — Ch. 35, Glossary

Registered voter — Ch. 22, Glossary

Registration cliff — Ch. 36, Glossary

Regulation — Ch. 11, Glossary

Regulatory review — Ch. 11, Glossary

Religion and politics — Ch. 5, Ch. 23

Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA, 1993) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Removal (impeachment) — Ch. 7, Ch. 9, Glossary

Republican form of government — Ch. 4, Glossary

Republican Party — Ch. 19, Ch. 23, Ch. 25

Reserved powers — Ch. 4, Glossary

Revolving door — Ch. 24, Glossary

Rhode Island — Ch. 2, Appendix I

Right of judicial review — see Judicial review

Ripeness — Ch. 12, Glossary

Roberts, John (Chief Justice) — Ch. 14

Roberts Court — Ch. 14, Glossary

Roe v. Wade (1973) — Ch. 5, Ch. 14, Appendix E, Glossary

Roosevelt, Franklin D. — Ch. 9, Ch. 14 (court-packing), Ch. 19 (New Deal coalition), Ch. 27, Ch. 28

Roosevelt, Theodore — Ch. 9 (bully pulpit), Ch. 11 (Progressive Era)

Rucho v. Common Cause (2019) — Ch. 12, Ch. 35

Rule of four — Ch. 14

Rules Committee — Ch. 8, Glossary

Rulemaking — Ch. 11, Glossary

S

Sanders, Bernie — Ch. 19, Ch. 26

Scalia, Antonin — Ch. 5 (Heller), Ch. 14

Schedule F — Ch. 11, Glossary

Schumer, Chuck — Ch. 8

Secretary of State (federal) — Ch. 10, Ch. 32

Section 230 — Ch. 18, Glossary

Self-incrimination — Ch. 5, Glossary

Semi-presidential system — Ch. 39, Glossary

Senate — Ch. 7, Ch. 8, Glossary

Senior Executive Service (SES) — Ch. 11, Glossary

Separation of powers — Ch. 3, Glossary

Sequester — Ch. 16, Glossary

SFFA v. Harvard (2023) — Ch. 6, Glossary

Shays' Rebellion — Ch. 2

Shelby County v. Holder (2013) — Ch. 36, Appendix E

Sierra Club — Ch. 24, Ch. 30

Signature match — Ch. 36, Glossary

Signing statement — Ch. 9, Glossary

Single-member district — Ch. 19, Glossary

Sixteenth Amendment — Appendix B

Sixth Amendment — Ch. 5, Appendix B, Glossary

Slavery — Ch. 2 (Three-Fifths Compromise), Ch. 6

Smith (Employment Division v. Smith, 1990) — Ch. 5, Glossary

Social media — Ch. 18, Ch. 25

Social movement — Ch. 26, Glossary

Social policy — Ch. 28

Social Security — Ch. 16, Ch. 28

Soft money — Ch. 34, Glossary

Solicitor General — Ch. 14, Glossary

Sotomayor, Sonia — Ch. 14

South Carolina — Ch. 36, Appendix I

South Dakota — Appendix I

Speaker of the House — Ch. 8, Glossary

SpeechNow.org v. FEC (2010) — Ch. 34, Glossary

Standing — Ch. 12, Glossary

Stare decisis — Ch. 14, Glossary

State and local government — Ch. 15, Appendix I

State of the Union — Ch. 9, Glossary

Statutory interpretation — Ch. 13, Glossary

Strict scrutiny — Ch. 6, Glossary

Substantive due process — Ch. 5, Glossary

Sunset provision — Ch. 33, Glossary

Sunshine laws — Ch. 11, Glossary

Super PAC — Ch. 34, Glossary

Superdelegate — Ch. 19, Glossary

Supremacy Clause — Ch. 4, Glossary

Supreme Court — Ch. 14 (full chapter), Glossary

Surveillance — Ch. 5, Glossary

Suspect classification — Ch. 6, Glossary

T

Takings Clause — Ch. 5, Glossary

Tariffs — Ch. 27, Ch. 32

Tax expenditure — Ch. 16, Ch. 27, Glossary

Tax policy — Ch. 16, Ch. 27

Tea Party — Ch. 26, Glossary

Tennessee — Appendix I

Tenth Amendment — Ch. 4, Appendix B, Glossary

Term limits — Ch. 38

Texas — Ch. 5 (Lawrence), Ch. 31 (immigration), Ch. 35, Ch. 36, Appendix I

Textualism — Ch. 14, Glossary

The Federalist — see Federalist Papers

Third party — Ch. 19, Glossary

Thirteenth Amendment — Ch. 6, Appendix B

Thomas, Clarence — Ch. 14

Three-Fifths Compromise — Ch. 2, Ch. 3, Glossary

Tocqueville, Alexis de — Ch. 1, Ch. 24, Ch. 26

Top-two primary — Ch. 19, Glossary

Treaty power — Ch. 32, Glossary

True threat — Ch. 5, Glossary

Trump, Donald — Ch. 9, Ch. 18, Ch. 20, Ch. 31, Ch. 37

Trump v. Hawaii (2018) — Ch. 6

Trump v. United States (2024) — Ch. 9, Ch. 37, Glossary

Turnout — Ch. 22, Glossary

Tushnet, Mark — Ch. 37 (constitutional hardball)

Twelfth Amendment — Ch. 20, Appendix B, Glossary

Twenty-fifth Amendment — Ch. 9, Ch. 10, Appendix B, Glossary

Twenty-second Amendment — Appendix B

Twenty-sixth Amendment — Ch. 36, Appendix B, Glossary

Two-party system — Ch. 19, Glossary

U

Unitary executive theory — Ch. 9, Ch. 11, Glossary

United States v. Lopez (1995) — Ch. 4

United States v. Nixon (1974) — Ch. 9, Appendix E

Utah — Appendix I

V

V-Dem index — Ch. 39, Glossary

Vermont — Appendix I

Veto — Ch. 9, Glossary

Vice presidency — Ch. 10

Vietnam War — Ch. 5 (Pentagon Papers), Ch. 26 (movement), Ch. 32

Virginia — Ch. 2 (Plan), Appendix I

Virginia Plan — Ch. 2, Ch. 3

VoteCast — Ch. 17, Glossary

Voter file — Ch. 21, Glossary

Voter ID — Ch. 36, Glossary

Voter purge — Ch. 36, Glossary

Voter suppression / voter integrity — Ch. 36, Glossary

Voting behavior — Ch. 22

Voting Rights Act (VRA, 1965) — Ch. 6, Ch. 26, Ch. 33, Ch. 36, Appendix E, Glossary

W

War on Drugs — Ch. 28

War Powers Resolution (1973) — Ch. 32, Glossary

Warren, Earl (Chief Justice) — Ch. 6 (Brown), Ch. 14

Warren Court — Ch. 5, Ch. 6, Ch. 14

Washington (state) — Ch. 19 (top-two primary), Appendix I

Washington, George — Ch. 2, Ch. 9, Ch. 19 (parties)

Washington, D.C. — see District of Columbia

Watergate — Ch. 9, Ch. 34 (FECA)

Wave election — Ch. 22, Glossary

Weber, Max — Ch. 11 (bureaucracy)

Welfare reform (1996) — Ch. 28

West Virginia — Appendix I

West Virginia v. EPA (2022) — Ch. 11, Ch. 30

Westminster model — Ch. 39, Glossary

Whip — Ch. 8, Glossary

White House Office — Ch. 10

Wickard v. Filburn (1942) — Ch. 4

WinRed — Ch. 21, Ch. 34, Glossary

Wisconsin — Ch. 35 (gerrymandering), Appendix I

Women's rights — Ch. 6, Ch. 23, Ch. 26, Ch. 36 (suffrage)

Wyoming — Appendix I

Y

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) — Ch. 9 (Jackson concurrence), Ch. 32

This index is intended as a navigational aid. For definitions of terms, see the Glossary. For full case summaries, see Appendix E. For state-by-state details, see Appendix I. For comparative material on other democracies, see Appendix J.