Chapter 2 — Further Reading

Tier 1: Essential References

Textbooks

Krane, K.S. Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 1988), Chapter 3: "Nuclear Properties." The standard undergraduate treatment of nuclear sizes, masses, spins, and moments. Our Chapter 2 covers the same ground with updated data and modern experimental techniques (Penning traps, parity-violating electron scattering) that postdate Krane's text. Sections 3.1–3.5 align directly with Sections 2.1–2.5 of this chapter. Krane's problem sets are excellent supplementary exercises.

Heyde, K. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics (IOP Publishing, 3rd ed., 2004), Chapters 1–3. More detailed than Krane on the theoretical background (form factors, multipole expansions), with a modern perspective on shell effects and deformation. The discussion of nuclear charge distributions (Chapter 2) and nuclear moments (Chapter 3) provides depth beyond what we cover here.

Wong, S.S.M. Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 2nd ed., 1998), Chapter 2. A complementary presentation with additional worked examples. Particularly useful for the derivation of the single-particle quadrupole moment and the connection to the deformation parameter.

Data Compilations

Wang, M., Huang, W.J., Kondev, F.G., Audi, G., and Naimi, S. "The AME2020 atomic mass evaluation." Chinese Physics C 45, 030003 (2021). The community-standard atomic mass evaluation, containing measured and estimated masses for all known nuclides. Available online from the IAEA Nuclear Data Services (https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/). This is the primary source for all mass data used in this chapter and throughout the textbook.

Huang, W.J., Wang, M., Kondev, F.G., Audi, G., and Naimi, S. "The AME2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references." Chinese Physics C 45, 030002 (2021). The companion paper to the AME2020, containing the complete tables of mass excesses, binding energies, separation energies, Q-values, and decay energies.

Stone, N.J. "Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 90, 75–176 (2005). Updated version: IAEA Nuclear Data Services, INDC(NDS)-0658 (2014); further updates at INDC(NDS)-0794 (2019). The comprehensive compilation of measured nuclear electromagnetic moments. Every magnetic moment and quadrupole moment cited in this chapter can be found in Stone's tables. Essential reference for exercises and research.

Angeli, I. and Marinova, K.P. "Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 99, 69–95 (2013). The standard compilation of measured nuclear charge radii from electron scattering, muonic atoms, and optical isotope shifts. Contains data for over 900 isotopes of 92 elements.

Tier 2: Specialized and Advanced

Nuclear Sizes and Charge Distributions

Hofstadter, R. "Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure." Reviews of Modern Physics 28, 214–254 (1956). The Nobel Prize lecture (1961) describing the pioneering electron scattering measurements at Stanford that established the Fermi model of nuclear charge distributions. A masterclass in experimental physics.

Adhikari, D. et al. (PREX-2 Collaboration). "Accurate Determination of the Neutron Skin Thickness of ${}^{208}$Pb through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering." Physical Review Letters 126, 172502 (2021). The PREX-2 measurement of the neutron skin of ${}^{208}$Pb, with implications for the nuclear equation of state and neutron star radii. A landmark experiment.

Garcia Ruiz, R.F. et al. "Unexpectedly large charge radii of neutron-rich calcium isotopes." Nature Physics 12, 594–598 (2016). Laser spectroscopy measurement of charge radii for ${}^{49,51,52}\text{Ca}$, revealing an increase beyond $N = 32$ that challenges nuclear structure theory. An example of how isotope shifts provide insights far from stability.

Mass Measurements

Blaum, K. "High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ions." Physics Reports 425, 1–78 (2006). A comprehensive review of Penning-trap mass spectrometry for nuclear physics, covering the physics of ion traps, measurement techniques, and the impact on nuclear structure, astrophysics, and fundamental physics.

Lunney, D., Pearson, J.M., and Thibault, C. "Recent trends in the determination of nuclear masses." Reviews of Modern Physics 75, 1021–1082 (2003). A thorough review of mass measurement techniques and their nuclear physics impact, including the connection to mass models and astrophysical applications.

Electromagnetic Moments

Neyens, G. "Nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments for nuclear structure research on exotic nuclei." Reports on Progress in Physics 66, 633–689 (2003). A review of moment measurements for nuclei far from stability, including the experimental techniques (laser spectroscopy, beta-NMR, Coulomb excitation) and their implications for shell evolution and deformation.

Isospin

Warner, D.D., Van Isacker, P., and Bentley, M.A. "The role of isospin symmetry in collective nuclear structure." Nature Physics 2, 311–318 (2006). A lucid review of isospin symmetry in nuclear structure, including the IMME, Coulomb energy differences, and isospin-breaking effects.

Bentley, M.A. and Lenzi, S.M. "Coulomb energy differences between analogue states of mirror nuclei." Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 59, 497–561 (2007). A detailed analysis of mirror energy differences, testing isospin symmetry at the level of individual shell-model orbits.

Online Resources

• NNDC (National Nuclear Data Center): https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ — Interactive chart of nuclides, nuclear wallet cards, evaluated nuclear data.
• IAEA Nuclear Data Services: https://www-nds.iaea.org/ — AME mass tables, ENSDF evaluated level schemes, nuclear reaction databases.
• NUBASE2020: https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ — Evaluated nuclear properties (half-lives, spins, parities, decay modes) for all known nuclides.
• Atomic Mass Data Center: https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ — Direct access to AME2020 data files in machine-readable format.