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Further Reading — Chapter 17
Textbooks
Introductory Level
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Krane, K.S. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1987), Chapter 11. The standard advanced-undergraduate reference. Clear treatment of reaction kinematics, cross sections, and the compound nucleus model. The Rutherford derivation and partial wave analysis are presented at a level appropriate for a first course. Still the single best starting point.
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Wong, S.S.M. Introductory Nuclear Physics, 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH (2004), Chapter 8. Covers reaction kinematics and cross sections with numerous worked examples. Particularly good on the lab-to-CM transformation and the Q-value equation.
Intermediate Level
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Bertulani, C.A. Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell, Princeton (2007), Chapters 4 and 10. Compact but thorough. Chapter 4 covers scattering theory with an emphasis on the partial wave formalism. Chapter 10 develops nuclear reaction models including the optical model and compound nucleus.
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Lilley, J.S. Nuclear Physics: Principles and Applications, Wiley (2001), Chapters 2 and 10. Good balance between theory and experiment. The discussion of cross section measurements and experimental techniques is particularly practical.
Advanced / Graduate Level
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Fröbrich, P. and Lipperheide, R. Theory of Nuclear Reactions, Oxford University Press (1996). Comprehensive graduate-level treatment. Rigorous development of scattering theory, the optical model, compound and direct reactions, and heavy-ion physics. The standard advanced reference.
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Satchler, G.R. Introduction to Nuclear Reactions, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press (1990). Written by one of the pioneers of the optical model. Excellent on direct reactions and the connection between nuclear structure and reaction mechanisms. More accessible than Fröbrich-Lipperheide.
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Thompson, I.J. and Nunes, F.M. Nuclear Reactions for Astrophysics, Cambridge (2009). Modern treatment focused on reactions relevant to nuclear astrophysics. Good coverage of transfer reactions, radiative capture, and the connection to stellar nucleosynthesis.
Landmark Papers
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Rutherford, E. "The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom," Philosophical Magazine 21, 669 (1911). The original paper deriving the scattering formula and establishing the nuclear atom.
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Geiger, H. and Marsden, E. "On a Diffuse Reaction of the Alpha-Particles," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 82, 495 (1909). The experimental paper that observed large-angle scattering of alpha particles.
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Feshbach, H., Porter, C.E., and Weisskopf, V.F. "Model for Nuclear Reactions with Neutrons," Physical Review 96, 448 (1954). The founding paper of the optical model. Introduces the complex potential and compares to neutron total cross section data.
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Koning, A.J. and Delaroche, J.P. "Local and global nucleon optical models from 1 keV to 200 MeV," Nuclear Physics A 713, 231 (2003). The most widely used global optical model parametrization. Essential for any practical nuclear reaction calculation.
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Ericson, T. "Fluctuations of Nuclear Cross Sections in the 'Continuum' Region," Physical Review Letters 5, 430 (1960). The prediction of statistical cross section fluctuations in the overlapping-resonance regime.
Data Resources
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NNDC (National Nuclear Data Center): https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ Brookhaven National Laboratory. The primary US source for nuclear reaction data, including the ENDF (Evaluated Nuclear Data File) libraries. The EXFOR database contains experimental cross section data.
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IAEA Nuclear Data Services: https://www-nds.iaea.org/ International Atomic Energy Agency. Hosts the AME (Atomic Mass Evaluation) database, nuclear reaction data, and the RIPL (Reference Input Parameter Library) for reaction calculations.
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ENDF/B-VIII.0: The current US evaluated nuclear data library, containing cross sections, angular distributions, and energy spectra for neutron, proton, and photon-induced reactions. Available through NNDC.
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TENDL (TALYS Evaluated Nuclear Data Library): https://tendl.web.psi.ch/ A comprehensive nuclear data library generated with the TALYS nuclear reaction code, covering all isotopes from Z=1 to Z=110 for neutron and proton projectiles up to 200 MeV.
Software
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TALYS: A comprehensive nuclear reaction code that combines the optical model, compound nucleus (Hauser-Feshbach), direct reactions (DWBA), and pre-equilibrium models. Freely available at https://tendl.web.psi.ch/tendl_2021/talys.html
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FRESCO: A coupled-channels code for direct nuclear reactions (elastic, inelastic, transfer, breakup). The standard tool for analyzing transfer reaction data. Available at http://www.fresco.org.uk/
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EMPIRE: A comprehensive nuclear reaction code maintained by the NNDC at Brookhaven. Covers the full range from optical model to compound nucleus to fission.
Topics for Deeper Study
- Coulomb excitation: Electromagnetic excitation of nuclear states by the time-varying Coulomb field of a passing projectile — a complementary probe to nuclear scattering that avoids the complications of the nuclear force.
- Breakup reactions: Three-body final states ($a(b, c + d)e$) that probe cluster structure and halo configurations in exotic nuclei.
- Sub-barrier fusion: Quantum tunneling through the Coulomb barrier, enhanced by coupling to nuclear excitations — relevant to stellar nucleosynthesis (Chapter 21).
- Nuclear rainbow scattering: Analogous to optical rainbows, nuclear rainbow patterns in elastic scattering at intermediate energies probe the real part of the nuclear potential at small radii.