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Further Reading — Chapter 16

Primary Textbooks

Radiation Detection and Measurement

  • Knoll, G.F. Radiation Detection and Measurement, 4th edition. Wiley, 2010. The definitive graduate-level reference. Comprehensive coverage of all detector types, interaction physics, electronics, and spectral analysis. Chapters 2–3 (interaction of radiation with matter), Chapters 5–12 (detector types), and Chapter 10 (radiation spectroscopy) are directly relevant. Every experimental nuclear physicist should own this book.

Interactions of Radiation with Matter

  • Leo, W.R. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments, 2nd edition. Springer, 1994. Excellent for detailed derivations of the Bethe-Bloch formula, energy straggling theory, and multiple scattering. The mathematical treatment is more thorough than Knoll in some areas. Chapters 2 (passage of radiation through matter) and 6–8 (detectors) are most relevant.

  • Attix, F.H. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry. Wiley, 1986. The standard reference for dosimetry. Rigorous treatment of absorbed dose, kerma, exposure, and cavity theory (Bragg-Gray, Spencer-Attix). Essential for medical physics applications.

Nuclear Physics Textbooks

  • Krane, K.S. Introductory Nuclear Physics. Wiley, 1988. Chapter 7. Concise treatment of interactions and detectors integrated into a nuclear physics course. Good starting point before diving into the specialized texts.

  • Wong, S.S.M. Introductory Nuclear Physics, 2nd edition. Wiley-VCH, 2004. Contains a useful chapter on experimental methods that bridges the gap between nuclear theory and detection practice.

Data Resources

Stopping Powers and Ranges

  • NIST PSTAR: Proton stopping powers and ranges in all elements and common compounds. Available at physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/PSTAR.html. The data behind the Bethe-Bloch calculations in this chapter.
  • NIST ASTAR: Same for alpha particles. physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/ASTAR.html.
  • NIST ESTAR: Same for electrons. physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/ESTAR.html.
  • SRIM/TRIM (Ziegler, Biersack, Littmark): Monte Carlo code for ion ranges and damage in matter. Free download at srim.org. The standard tool for ion implantation and radiation damage calculations.

Photon Cross Sections

  • NIST XCOM: Photon cross sections (photoelectric, Compton, pair production) for all elements and compounds, 1 keV to 100 GeV. physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Xcom/html/xcom1.html.
  • Hubbell, J.H. and Seltzer, S.M. "Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients." NISTIR 5632 (1995, updated 2004). The tabulated values behind the XCOM database.

Neutron Cross Sections

  • ENDF/B-VIII.0: Evaluated Nuclear Data File, maintained by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The standard neutron cross section library for all applications. Available at www.nndc.bnl.gov/endf/.
  • JENDL: Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library. An independent evaluation useful for comparison.
  • JEFF: Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion File (European).

General Nuclear Data

  • Particle Data Group: "Passage of Particles Through Matter" (annual Review of Particle Physics). A concise, authoritative summary of energy loss, multiple scattering, and radiation lengths. pdg.lbl.gov.

Specialized Topics

Bethe-Bloch Formula: History and Refinements

  • Bethe, H. "Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie." Annalen der Physik 397, 325–400 (1930). The original paper deriving the quantum-mechanical stopping power formula. In German.
  • Bloch, F. "Zur Bremsung rasch bewegter Teilchen beim Durchgang durch Materie." Annalen der Physik 408, 285–320 (1933). Bloch's correction for low projectile velocities.
  • Fano, U. "Penetration of Protons, Alpha Particles, and Mesons." Annual Review of Nuclear Science 13, 1–66 (1963). Comprehensive review of the theory of charged-particle energy loss.
  • ICRU Report 49: "Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles." International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (1993). The definitive compilation of recommended stopping power values.

Klein-Nishina Formula

  • Klein, O. and Nishina, Y. "Uber die Streuung von Strahlung durch freie Elektronen nach der neuen relativistischen Quantendynamik von Dirac." Zeitschrift fur Physik 52, 853–868 (1929). One of the earliest triumphs of quantum electrodynamics.

Proton Therapy Physics

  • Paganetti, H. (editor). Proton Therapy Physics, 2nd edition. CRC Press, 2018. Comprehensive coverage from beam physics to treatment planning. Chapter 2 covers proton interactions with matter in clinical context.
  • Wilson, R.R. "Radiological Use of Fast Protons." Radiology 47, 487–491 (1946). The seminal paper proposing therapeutic use of the Bragg peak. Remarkable for its clarity and prescience.

Semiconductor Detectors

  • Eichinger, P. and Kemmer, J. "Semiconductor Detectors for Nuclear Physics." In Landolt-Bornstein, Vol. I/22B. Comprehensive review of Si and Ge detector technology.
  • Knoll (cited above), Chapters 11–12. Detailed treatment of semiconductor detector physics, including HPGe operating principles and spectral analysis.

Gamma-Ray Tracking Arrays

Dosimetry Standards

  • ICRP Publication 103: "The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection." Defines radiation weighting factors, tissue weighting factors, and dose limits used in this chapter.
  • ICRU Report 85a: "Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation (Revised)." International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (2011). Definitions of absorbed dose, kerma, exposure, and related quantities.

Online Tools and Simulations

  • Geant4 (geant4.cern.ch): Monte Carlo toolkit for simulating the passage of particles through matter. Used in high-energy physics, medical physics, and space radiation applications. Open source.
  • MCNP (mcnp.lanl.gov): Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code. The industry standard for neutron, photon, and electron transport calculations in reactor physics, shielding, and criticality.
  • FLUKA (fluka.cern): Multipurpose Monte Carlo code for radiation transport. Strong in hadron therapy and radiation protection.
  • SRIM (srim.org): The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter. Quick calculations of ion ranges and damage profiles. Free.