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Further Reading — Chapter 19

Textbooks

  • N.K. Glendenning, Direct Nuclear Reactions (Academic Press, 1983; reprinted World Scientific, 2004). The definitive monograph on direct reaction theory. Chapters 1--6 cover the DWBA in full detail. Chapter 10 treats heavy-ion reactions. This is the standard reference for anyone doing serious DWBA calculations.

  • G.R. Satchler, Direct Nuclear Reactions (Oxford University Press, 1983). Comparable in scope to Glendenning, with a slightly different pedagogical approach. Particularly strong on the optical model and its connection to elastic scattering. Chapters 3--5 cover the DWBA and its applications.

  • G.R. Satchler, Introduction to Nuclear Reactions, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1990). A more accessible introduction than the monograph above. Chapters 6--7 cover direct reactions at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduates.

  • K.S. Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 1988), Chapter 11. A concise treatment of direct reactions within a general nuclear physics textbook. Good for a first encounter with the subject.

  • S.S.M. Wong, Introductory Nuclear Physics, 2nd ed. (Wiley-VCH, 2004), Chapter 8. Another undergraduate-level treatment with clear discussions of stripping and pickup reactions.

Review Articles

  • A.M. Mukhamedzhanov and F.M. Nunes, "Asymptotic normalization coefficients and spectroscopic factors from deuteron stripping reactions," Physical Review C 72, 017602 (2005). A clear discussion of the relationship between spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients, and the model dependence of DWBA extractions.

  • J.A. Tostevin and A. Gade, "Systematics of intermediate-energy single-nucleon removal cross sections," Physical Review C 90, 057602 (2014). The systematic analysis of knockout reaction spectroscopic factors and their asymmetry dependence — essential reading for understanding the quenching problem.

  • W.H. Dickhoff and C. Barbieri, "Self-consistent Green's function method for nuclei and nuclear matter," Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 52, 377 (2004). A theoretical review explaining how many-body correlations lead to spectroscopic factor quenching, from the Green's function perspective.

  • L. Lapik\'{a}s, "Quasi-elastic electron scattering off nuclei," Nuclear Physics A 553, 297c (1993). Review of the NIKHEF $(e,e'p)$ program, including the landmark spectroscopic factor measurements on ${}^{208}$Pb and other closed-shell nuclei.

Landmark Experimental Papers

  • S.T. Butler, "On angular distributions from (d,p) and (d,n) nuclear reactions," Physical Review 80, 1095 (1950); and Proceedings of the Royal Society A 208, 559 (1951). The original papers that established the connection between angular distributions and transferred orbital angular momentum. The foundation of all subsequent direct reaction spectroscopy.

  • K.L. Jones et al., "The magic nature of ${}^{132}$Sn explored through the single-particle states of ${}^{133}$Sn," Nature 465, 454 (2010). The landmark $(d,p)$ measurement on ${}^{132}$Sn in inverse kinematics at ORNL. A beautiful example of radioactive beam science and essential reading for Case Study 2.

  • L. Lapik\'{a}s, J. Onderwater, et al., "Proton spectroscopic factors in ${}^{208}$Pb from the $(e,e'p)$ reaction," Physical Review Letters 82, 4404 (1999). Precision $(e,e'p)$ spectroscopic factors in ${}^{208}$Pb, demonstrating the quenching relative to the independent-particle model.

  • A. Gade et al., "Reduction of spectroscopic strength: Weakly-bound and strongly-bound single-particle states studied using one-nucleon knockout reactions," Physical Review C 77, 044306 (2008). The systematic study of spectroscopic factor quenching vs. nucleon asymmetry from knockout reactions at NSCL. Central to the quenching debate.

  • R. Kanungo et al., "One-neutron removal measurement reveals ${}^{24}$O as a new doubly magic nucleus," Physical Review Letters 102, 152501 (2009). One of the key experiments establishing $N = 16$ as a new magic number via knockout reactions.

DWBA Codes and Resources

  • FRESCO by I.J. Thompson: A coupled-channels code that handles DWBA, CCBA, and CRC calculations for transfer, breakup, and inelastic reactions. Freely available. Thompson and Nunes, Nuclear Reactions for Astrophysics (Cambridge University Press, 2009) is the associated textbook.

  • DWUCK (P.D. Kunz): A widely used zero-range and finite-range DWBA code. The standard workhorse for (d,p) analyses for decades. Available from various nuclear physics code repositories.

  • TWOFNR (M. Igarashi, K. Kubo, K. Yagi): A finite-range DWBA code particularly suited for heavy-ion transfer reactions.

  • I.J. Thompson and F.M. Nunes, Nuclear Reactions for Astrophysics (Cambridge University Press, 2009). An excellent modern textbook that teaches both the theory and the computational implementation of DWBA calculations using FRESCO. Strongly recommended for students who want to perform their own calculations.

Modern Theoretical Developments

  • C. Barbieri, "Role of long-range correlations in the quenching of spectroscopic factors," Physical Review Letters 103, 202502 (2009). Self-consistent Green's function calculations showing how both short-range and long-range correlations contribute to the quenching of spectroscopic factors.

  • T. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, R. Fujimoto, H. Grawe, and Y. Akaishi, "Evolution of nuclear shells due to the tensor force," Physical Review Letters 95, 232502 (2005). The paper that identified the tensor force as the primary driver of shell evolution in exotic nuclei — a result tested by direct reaction measurements at radioactive beam facilities.

  • M.H. Mahzoon, R.J. Charity, W.H. Dickhoff, H. Dussan, and S.J. Waldecker, "Forging the link between nuclear reactions and nuclear structure," Physical Review Letters 112, 162503 (2014). The dispersive optical model applied to ${}^{40}$Ca, unifying elastic scattering and single-particle properties within a single framework.

Facilities

  • FRIB (Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University): The world's most powerful radioactive beam facility. Operational since 2022. https://frib.msu.edu/

  • RIKEN RIBF (Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory, Japan): Produces the most neutron-rich beams for in-flight fragmentation experiments. https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/rnc/

  • GSI/FAIR (Germany): The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, under construction, will extend direct reaction studies to heavier exotic nuclei.

  • TRIUMF/ISAC (Canada): An ISOL facility that has performed many (d,p) experiments in inverse kinematics with reaccelerated radioactive beams.

  • GANIL/SPIRAL2 (France): A combined ISOL and in-flight facility for radioactive beam production.