Further Reading — Chapter 31

Textbooks

David Griffiths, Introduction to Elementary Particles, 2nd revised ed. (Wiley-VCH, 2008), Chapters 1, 8, and 9. A beautifully written introduction to particle physics at the advanced undergraduate level. Chapter 1 provides historical context for the quark model; Chapters 8 and 9 cover QCD, including asymptotic freedom, confinement, and the running coupling constant. Accessible to readers with the quantum mechanics background assumed in this textbook.

Mark Thomson, Modern Particle Physics (Cambridge University Press, 2013), Chapters 8--10. A comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the Standard Model at the advanced undergraduate / beginning graduate level. Chapter 8 covers QCD and the strong force in detail; Chapter 9 treats the quark model and hadron spectroscopy; Chapter 10 discusses deep inelastic scattering and parton distributions. Excellent figures and worked examples.

R. Machleidt and D.R. Entem, "Chiral effective field theory and nuclear forces," Physics Reports, Vol. 503, pp. 1--75 (2011). The definitive review of the chiral EFT program for nuclear forces, written by two of its leading practitioners. Covers the chiral perturbation theory framework, the derivation of nuclear forces order by order, and comparisons to $NN$ scattering data. Technical but essential for anyone wanting to understand the modern theory of nuclear forces.

Ulf-G. Meissner, "The long and winding road from chiral effective Lagrangians to nuclear structure," Physica Scripta, Vol. 91, 033005 (2016). A clear, pedagogical review of the path from chiral symmetry through chiral EFT to nuclear structure calculations. More accessible than the Machleidt-Entem review and provides an excellent overview of the multi-scale chain from QCD to nuclei.

Kenneth S. Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 1988), Section 17.5 (Quarks and the Standard Model). Krane's treatment of the quark model in the context of nuclear physics is concise and clearly connects the quark picture to the nuclear force models discussed in earlier chapters.

Review Articles

S. Durr et al. (BMW Collaboration), "Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses," Science, Vol. 322, pp. 1224--1227 (2008). The landmark lattice QCD calculation of the light hadron spectrum at physical quark masses. A beautifully written paper demonstrating that QCD, with just a few input parameters, predicts the masses of the proton, neutron, and other hadrons. Accessible to a broad scientific audience.

E. Epelbaum, H.-W. Hammer, and Ulf-G. Meissner, "Modern theory of nuclear forces," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 81, pp. 1773--1825 (2009). A comprehensive review of chiral EFT nuclear forces and their application to few-nucleon systems. Covers the chiral expansion, power counting, and comparisons to experiment. Technical but thorough.

H. Hergert, "A Guided Tour of ab initio Nuclear Many-Body Theory," Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 8, 379 (2020). An accessible review of modern ab initio methods for nuclear structure, including the coupled cluster method, in-medium similarity renormalization group, and self-consistent Green's functions. Explains how chiral EFT forces are used as input to many-body calculations.

C.A. Aidala, S.D. Bass, D. Hasch, and G.K. Mallot, "The Spin Structure of the Nucleon," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 85, pp. 655--691 (2013). A thorough review of the proton spin puzzle, covering the experimental programs (EMC, COMPASS, HERMES, RHIC) and the theoretical framework. Discusses the decomposition of proton spin into quark spin, gluon spin, and orbital contributions.

R. Pohl, R. Gilman, G.A. Miller, and K. Pachucki, "Muonic Hydrogen and the Proton Radius Puzzle," Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 63, pp. 175--204 (2013). A clear review of the proton radius puzzle at the time of maximum confusion, covering the muonic hydrogen experiment, the electron scattering measurements, and the theoretical issues. Written by leading experts from both the experimental and theoretical sides.

J.-P. Karr, D. Marchand, and E. Voutier, "The proton size," Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 2, pp. 601--614 (2020). An up-to-date review of the proton radius puzzle and its resolution, covering the latest experimental results from hydrogen spectroscopy, electron scattering, and muonic atoms.

Nobel Prize Lectures

David J. Gross, "The Discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD," Nobel Lecture (2004). Available at https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/gross/lecture/ A masterful account of the discovery of asymptotic freedom and the development of QCD, by one of its discoverers.

Frank Wilczek, "Asymptotic Freedom: From Paradox to Paradigm," Nobel Lecture (2004). Available at https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2004/wilczek/lecture/ Wilczek's lecture is characteristically lucid and wide-ranging, connecting asymptotic freedom to the origin of mass and the unification of forces.

Robert Hofstadter, "The Electron-Scattering Method and Its Application to the Structure of Nuclei and Nucleons," Nobel Lecture (1961). Available at https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1961/hofstadter/lecture/ Hofstadter's lecture describes how electron scattering revealed the charge distributions of nuclei and nucleons — the experimental foundation for Section 31.7.

Original Papers of Historical Significance

M. Gell-Mann, "A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons," Physics Letters, Vol. 8, pp. 214--215 (1964). The two-page paper proposing the quark model. Remarkably, Gell-Mann was cautious about whether quarks were "real" or merely a mathematical device. History resolved this in favor of reality.

H.D. Politzer, "Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?" Physical Review Letters, Vol. 30, pp. 1346--1349 (1973). D.J. Gross and F. Wilczek, "Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 30, pp. 1343--1346 (1973). The two papers that discovered asymptotic freedom, published back-to-back in the same issue of PRL.

K.G. Wilson, "Confinement of Quarks," Physical Review D, Vol. 10, pp. 2445--2459 (1974). The foundational paper on lattice gauge theory, introducing the framework that eventually made non-perturbative QCD calculations possible.

The Electron-Ion Collider

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science" (2018). Available at https://doi.org/10.17226/25171 The NAS report that provided the scientific case for the Electron-Ion Collider, covering the proton spin puzzle, the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon, gluon saturation, and the origin of nucleon mass. An excellent overview of the open questions in nucleon structure.

A. Accardi et al., "Electron-Ion Collider: The Next QCD Frontier," European Physical Journal A, Vol. 52, 268 (2016). The comprehensive white paper outlining the physics program of the EIC, covering gluon imaging, spin structure, nuclear modification of parton distributions, and connections to fundamental symmetries.

For Further Exploration

Particle Data Group, "Review of Particle Physics," Physical Review D, Vol. 110, 030001 (2024). Website: https://pdg.lbl.gov/ The PDG compiles and evaluates all measured properties of elementary particles, including quark masses, the strong coupling constant, form factors, and structure functions. The "Mini-Reviews" on QCD, the quark model, and the CKM matrix are especially useful. Updated biennially.

The HAL QCD Collaboration. Website: http://www.jicfus.jp/field5/en/ The Japanese collaboration computing nuclear forces from lattice QCD using the HAL QCD method. Their publications provide a window into the state of the art in lattice nuclear physics.

The LENPIC Collaboration. Website: https://www.lenpic.org/ The international collaboration developing precision chiral EFT nuclear forces with quantified uncertainties. Their potentials are used as input to state-of-the-art ab initio nuclear structure calculations worldwide.