Chapter 9 Further Reading: Electromagnetic Properties and Transitions

Textbooks — Core References

• Krane, K.S. Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 1988), Chapter 10: "Electromagnetic Moments and Transitions." The standard undergraduate treatment. Clear derivations of Weisskopf estimates with worked numerical examples. Appropriate as a first reading alongside this chapter.

• Wong, S.M.Y. Introductory Nuclear Physics, 2nd ed. (Wiley-VCH, 2004), Chapter 5: "Electromagnetic Transitions." Covers multipole radiation, selection rules, and transition rates with a focus on connecting formalism to experimental observables.

• Heyde, K. Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, 3rd ed. (IOP Publishing, 2004), Chapter 5: "Electromagnetic Properties of the Nucleus." Particularly strong on the relationship between electromagnetic moments, transition rates, and the underlying nuclear models.

• Casten, R.F. Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2000). The definitive text on using simple models and experimental systematics to understand nuclear structure. Chapters on electromagnetic transitions, the IBA, and shape/phase transitions are directly relevant. The $B(E2)$ systematics in this chapter draw heavily on Casten's approach.

Textbooks — Advanced References

• Bohr, A. and Mottelson, B.R. Nuclear Structure, Volume I: Single-Particle Motion (World Scientific, 1998, reprint) and Volume II: Nuclear Deformations (World Scientific, 1998, reprint). The masterwork. Volume I (Chapters 3A-3C) develops the multipole expansion and transition formalism with full mathematical rigor. Volume II applies it systematically to collective motion. These are graduate-level references.

• de Shalit, A. and Feshbach, H. Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Volume I: Nuclear Structure (Wiley, 1974), Chapter V. The complete formal treatment of electromagnetic interactions with nuclei, including the quantized radiation field, long-wavelength approximation, and derivation of all selection rules. Mathematically demanding.

• Brussaard, P.J. and Glaudemans, P.W.M. Shell-Model Applications in Nuclear Spectroscopy (North-Holland, 1977). Chapter 8 covers electromagnetic transitions within the shell model framework, including effective charges and configuration-mixing effects on transition rates.

Review Articles

• Raman, S., Nestor, C.W., and Tikkanen, P. "Transition probability from the ground to the first-excited 2$^+$ state of even-even nuclides," Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 78, 1 (2001). The definitive compilation of $B(E2; 0^+ \to 2^+_1)$ values for over 400 even-even nuclei. The foundation for Case Study 1 and the transition_rates.py code.

• Pritychenko, B. et al. "Tables of $E2$ transition probabilities from the first 2$^+$ states in even-even nuclei," Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 107, 1 (2016). Updated compilation superseding Raman et al., with additional measurements and revised evaluations. Available through the NNDC at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

• Kibédi, T. et al. "Evaluation of theoretical conversion coefficients using BrIcc," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 589, 202 (2008). Describes the BrIcc database for internal conversion coefficients, the standard reference used worldwide. Available online at the Australian National University.

• Glasmacher, T. "Coulomb excitation at intermediate energies," Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 48, 1 (1998). Reviews the theory and practice of intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation, the technique used to measure $B(E2)$ values for exotic nuclei at fragmentation facilities.

Experimental Techniques

• Nolan, P.J. and Sharpey-Schafer, J.F. "The measurement of the lifetimes of excited nuclear states," Reports on Progress in Physics 42, 1 (1979). Classic review of DSAM, RDM, and electronic timing methods. Dated but pedagogically excellent.

• Dewald, A. et al. "The Recoil Distance Doppler-Shift technique applied for lifetime measurements with the Euroball and Gammasphere arrays," Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 67, 786 (2012). Modern review of plunger techniques with large Ge arrays.

• Régis, J.-M. et al. "Nuclear lifetime measurements with the mirror symmetric centroid difference method using LaBr$_3$(Ce) detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 726, 191 (2013). The state-of-the-art fast-timing method with LaBr$_3$ detectors.

Detector Arrays

• Lee, I.Y. "The GAMMASPHERE," Nuclear Physics A 520, c641 (1990). The original proposal for the Gammasphere array.

• Paschalis, S. et al. "The performance of the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array GRETINA," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 709, 44 (2013). The definitive technical reference for GRETINA, describing pulse-shape analysis, tracking algorithms, and measured performance.

• Akkoyun, S. et al. "AGATA — Advanced GAmma Tracking Array," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 668, 26 (2012). The technical design report for AGATA.

• Deleplanque, M.A. et al. "GRETA: utilizing new concepts in $\gamma$-ray detection," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 430, 292 (1999). The conceptual design of the full GRETA array.

Online Resources and Databases

• National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), Brookhaven National Laboratory: https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/. The primary source for evaluated nuclear structure data, including the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) with adopted level schemes, transition data, and $B$ values.

• BrIcc — Band-Raman Internal Conversion Coefficients: https://bricc.anu.edu.au/. Online calculator for internal conversion coefficients for any transition energy, multipolarity, and element.

• FRIB (Facility for Rare Isotope Beams): https://frib.msu.edu/. The world's most powerful radioactive beam facility, home to GRETINA and future home of GRETA.

• Pritychenko, B. et al., "B(E2) Evaluation" at NNDC: https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/be2/. Interactive database of $B(E2; 0^+ \to 2^+_1)$ values with search and plotting capabilities.

Historical Papers

• Weisskopf, V.F. "Radiative transition probabilities in nuclei," Physical Review 83, 1073 (1951). The original paper introducing the single-particle estimates that bear Weisskopf's name.

• Alder, K. and Winther, A. "Coulomb excitation," Nuclear Physics A132, 1 (1969). The foundational paper on the semiclassical theory of Coulomb excitation. The extended treatment in their book Electromagnetic Excitation (North-Holland, 1975) remains the standard reference.

• Motobayashi, T. et al. "Large deformation of the very neutron-rich nucleus ${}^{32}$Mg from intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation," Physics Letters B 346, 9 (1995). The landmark measurement establishing the island of inversion at $N = 20$.